SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF SALMONELLA TYPHI AND OTHER BACTERIAL PATHOGENS TO ANTIBIOTICS AND HOT AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA

 

Table Of Contents


Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1Introduction
  • 1.2Background of study
  • 1.3Problem Statement
  • 1.4Objective of study
  • 1.5Limitation of study
  • 1.6Scope of study
  • 1.7Significance of study
  • 1.8Structure of the research
  • 1.9Definition of terms

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1Overview of Antibiotics
  • 2.2Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms
  • 2.3Salmonella Typhi: Characteristics and Pathogenicity
  • 2.4Hibiscus Sabdariffa: Properties and Uses
  • 2.5Antibacterial Properties of Hibiscus Sabdariffa
  • 2.6Previous Studies on Antibiotics and Hibiscus Sabdariffa
  • 2.7Importance of Combating Antibiotic Resistance
  • 2.8Strategies for Combating Antibiotic Resistance
  • 2.9The Role of Plant Extracts in Antibiotic Resistance
  • 2.10Gaps in Current Literature

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • 3.1Research Design
  • 3.2Sampling Methods
  • 3.3Data Collection Techniques
  • 3.4Data Analysis Procedures
  • 3.5Ethical Considerations
  • 3.6Research Validity and Reliability
  • 3.7Research Limitations
  • 3.8Research Assumptions

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

  • 4.1Overview of Findings
  • 4.2Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Results
  • 4.3Impact of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Extract on Bacterial Pathogens
  • 4.4Comparison of Antibiotic and Herbal Extract Effects
  • 4.5Factors Influencing Antibiotic Resistance
  • 4.6Discussion on the Significance of Findings
  • 4.7Implications for Future Research
  • 4.8Recommendations for Clinical Practice

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • 5.1Summary of Findings
  • 5.2Conclusions Drawn from the Study
  • 5.3Contributions to Existing Knowledge
  • 5.4Practical Applications of the Research
  • 5.5Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research
  • 5.6Final Remarks

Project Abstract

The susceptibilities of Salmonella typhi and other pathogens to antibiotics and hot aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa were investigated using agar diffusion and agar well diffusion methods respectively. Salmonella typhi was sensitive to ampicillin, cetriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin of ofloxacin and perfloxacin. Nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, clarithomycin and augumentin are resistant. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, and Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to 50%, 70% and 60% of the antibiotics respectively.Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all antibiotics. Hibiscus sabdariffa extract (0.6g in 6ml of sterile distilled water) was active against S. typhi at concentrations of 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml (inhibitions zone diameter IZDs = 23mm, 20mm and 16mm respectively). Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml of the extract with IZDs of 29mm, 18mm, 17mm and 14mm respectively. Klebsiella spp was susceptible to concentrations of 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml of the extract with IZDs of 15mm and 10mm respectively. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonasaeruginosa were resistant to all the concentrations of H. sabdariffa extract. It is therefore imperative to note that the use of medicinal plants is recommended to the Government and Industry.

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