Project Abstract

Abstract
The synthesis of azo dyes has been an area of interest in the field of organic chemistry due to their wide applications in various industries. In this study, an azo dye was synthesized using 2,4-dinitroaniline, 3-amino-5-methylpyrazole, and Byroscarphus coccineus as starting materials. The reaction involved the diazotization of 2,4-dinitroaniline followed by coupling with 3-amino-5-methylpyrazole to form the azo dye. Byroscarphus coccineus was used as a natural source of diazotization catalyst. The synthesis process was optimized by varying reaction conditions such as temperature, reaction time, and reagent concentrations. The progress of the reaction was monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Characterization of the synthesized azo dye was performed using various analytical techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The synthesized azo dye displayed characteristic absorption peaks in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, indicating the formation of the azo bond. The structural analysis confirmed the presence of the azo linkage between 2,4-dinitroaniline and 3-amino-5-methylpyrazole in the final product. The purity of the synthesized azo dye was assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and elemental analysis. The potential application of the synthesized azo dye as a colorant in textile industries was evaluated by dyeing cotton fabric samples. The dyeing process was optimized by adjusting dye concentration, temperature, and dyeing time. The color strength and fastness properties of the dyed fabric samples were determined according to standard test methods. Overall, the synthesis of the azo dye from 2,4-dinitroaniline, 3-amino-5-methylpyrazole, and Byroscarphus coccineus provided valuable insights into the development of sustainable and eco-friendly dyeing processes. The use of natural sources for diazotization catalysts offers a greener alternative to traditional azo dye synthesis methods. The synthesized azo dye demonstrated promising color properties, indicating its potential for industrial applications in the textile sector. Further research can focus on scaling up the synthesis process and exploring additional applications of the synthesized azo dye in other industries.

Project Overview

INTRODUCTION

1.1           Background of Study

 Azo compounds are a class of chemical compounds that are continuously receiving attention in scientific research (Kirkan, 2008; Otutu, 2013, Seferoglu, 2009). Azo dyes contain one or more azo groups (-N =N-) which are linked to SP2 hybridized carbon atoms, based on the number of such groups (Zollinger, 1991). The dyes known as monoazo dyes have only one (-N = N -) group while diazo and triazo dyes contain two and three (-N = N -) group, respectively.

The azo groups are generally connected to benzene and naphthalene rings, but can also be attached to aromatic heterocycles or enolizable aliphatic groups (Hunger, 2000).Synthetic dye manufacturing started in 1856, when the English chemist W.H. Perkin, in an attempt to synthetize quinine, obtained instead a bluish substance with excellent dyeing properties that later became known as aniline purple, Tyrian purple or mauveine. Henry Perkins 18 years old patented his invention and set up a production line. This concept of research and development was soon to be followed by others and new dyes began to appear on the market, a process that was strongly stimulated by Kekules discovery of the molecular structure of benzene in 1865. In the beginning of the 20th century, synthetic dyestuffs had almost completely supplanted natural dyes (Welham, 2001). The synthesis of most azo dyes involves diazotization of a primary aromatic amine, followed by coupling with one or more nucleophilic aromatic compound such as an aryl amine or a phenol (McCorthy, 1997). Azo dyes are the most important class of industrial dyes, both in number and amount. In addition, azo dyes have found wide application in dyeing wool, polyamide fiber, semi conductivity textile and food industries (Bluss, 1995). In the present study a new azo compounds was prepared and Identification by IR, UV–Visible spectroscopy was carried out.

1.2           Objectives of the Study

The objectives of work are to

1. synthesize azo dyes from 2,4,­­- dinitroaniline and 3­- amino ­-5- methylpyrazole
2. characterize the dyes using Infra-red spectroscopy and UV­­­­­­­­­­­­- visible spectroscopy

1.3           Colour and its Chemical Constitution

After the synthesis of mauviene in 1856 by Henry Perkins, little was known of the chemistry of dyes and the constitution of mauviene was not established. However, following kekul’s proposal concerning the structure of benzene in 1865 which lead to theories concerning the influence of organic structures on the colour of molecules began. Graebe and Lieberman in 1867 observed that organic dyes know then were unsaturated compounds and that this unsaturation is destroyed by reducing agent which causes them to decolourise.

Witt 1876 put forward a theory that the colour of a substance is mainly due to the presence of an unsaturated group called chromophores (Greek chroma – colour, phores – bearing).the important chromophores are the nitro(-NO2), Carbonyl (-C=O), azo (-N=N-), nitroso (-C=N-) the quinoid rings. He named the compounds containing chromphores chromogen. this chromogen do not behaves as dyes fibers unless they are also substituted by basic or weakly acidic groups called auxochromes e.g. -NH2, and OH .The presence of these groups increases the colour yielding power of the chromophore.