EFFECT OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA (GUAVA) ON THE BIOCHEMICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF ALBINO RATS
Table Of Contents
- Title PageTable of ContentsList of TablesAbstractCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW1.1 Introduction1.2 Justification of the Study1.3 Objectives of the Study1.4 Literature Review1.
- 4.1Origin and Morphology of Psidium guajava1.
- 4.2Use of Psidium guajava leaves1.5 Biochemical Indices in Man1.
- 5.1Acid phosphate (ACP)1.
- 5.2Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)1.
- 5.3Alkaline phosphotase (ALT)1.
- 5.4Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)1.
- 5.5Serum cholesterol1.6 Haematological IndicesCHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1 Identification and Collection of Plant Material2.2 Preparation of Plant Extract2.3 Procurement, Management of Experimental Animals2.4 Determination of LD50 (Lethal dose)
- 2.5Experimental Design2.6 Collection of Blood Sample2.7 Biochemical Analysis2.
- 7.1Assay for acid phosphatase (ACP)2.
- 7.2Assay for alanine aminotransferase (ALT)2.
- 7.3Assay for alkaline phosphatase (ALP)2.
- 7.4Assay for aspartate aminotransferase (AST)2.
- 7.5Assay for serum cholesterol2.8 Haematological Analysis2.
- 8.1Haemoglobin estimation2.
- 8.2Blood haematocrit (packed cell volume (PCV))2.
- 8.3White blood cell count2.
- 8.4Red blood cell count2.9 Statistical AnalysisCHAPTER THREE: RESULTS3.1 Effect of the extracts Psidium guajava on the biochemical indices of albino rats3.
- 1.1Weekly effect of P. guajava on alanine aminotransferase, ALT3.
- 1.2Weekly effect of P. guajava on aspartate aminotransferase, AST3.
- 1.3Weekly effect of P. guajava on alkaline phosphatase (ALP)3.
- 1.4Weekly effect of P. guajava on acid phosphatase3.
- 1.5Weekly effect of P. guajava on serum cholesterol level3.2 Effect of Psidium guajava extracts on Haematological indices of albino rats3.
- 2.1Weekly effect of P. guajava on packed cell volume (PCV)3.
- 2.2Weekly effect of P. guajava on red blood cell (RBC)3.
- 2.3Weekly effect of P. guajava on white blood cell (WBC)3.
- 2.4Weekly effect of P. guajava on haemoglobin (Hb)
- 3.3Weekly effect of P. guajava on body weight of albino ratsCHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSIONREFERENCES
Project Abstract
This study was to investigate the effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts ofPsidium guajava leaves on the biochemical and haematological indices of liver functions in rats, and compare the effect of the extracts on body weight of albino rats on weekly interval for four weeks. A total of eight four rats were divide into two experimental group of thirty six rats per group and one was treated with aqueous extract while the other was treated with methanolic extract also a common control group made of twelve rats. Each experimental group was made up of three treatment sub-group which consists of different concentration levels of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg. A sub-group consists of three replicate of four rats per replicate. Blood samples were collected from rats in each replicate of treatment and control groups and tested for various biochemical and haematological parameter using standard method. The result of the study showed that there was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the concentration levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP). Whereas there was a significant decrease (P > 0.05) in most of the concentration levels of serum cholesterol compared to the control. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) was observed from the result obtained from packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and haemoglobin (Hb). The body weight of the rats generally dropped as a result of oral administration of P. guajava extract. Previous data tend to suggest that a moderate ingestion of the extracts is beneficial to the body although the increase in the liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and ACP) tend to suggest a dysfunction in the physiology of the liver. However the beneficial effect extends to the fact that it can be used in the treatment of obesity, blood diseases and building the immune system due to its ability to lower the body weight and also increase all the haematological parameter.Project Overview
1.1 Introduction
Psidium guajava is a plant belonging to the family Myrtaceae. It is grown in all parts of the world and cultivated for its leaf, fruit, bark, fleshy calyx root twigs or seeds. The plant has been found to thrive on a wide range of soil conditions and tolerate a pH range from 4.5 to 9.4, propagates easily, and bears fruit relatively quickly. It is also salt resistant (Morton, 1987).
Psidium guajava is commonly called Guava although it has several names in many part of the world. Such names include Bayabas, Jambu burung, Lal peyara, advaba, madhuria, kalimbahin, malakabeng etc. However in Nigeria it is known asgwaabaa (hausa) woba (Efik), ugwoba (Igbo), and guata (Yoruba) (Iwu, 1993).
The plant can be seriously attacked by pest and disease. Such pests include citrus flat mite, bark-eating caterpillars, red-banded thrips, aphids etc, which attack different part of the plant whereas diseases of guava plant include mucor rot, alga spotting, stem-end rot, etc. (Morton, 1987). Phytochemical analysis of the fruit shows that it contains vitamin A, iron, calcium and phosphorous, manganese with oxalic and malic acids, saponin, oleanolic acid, flavonoids, guaijavarine and quercetin (Iwu, 1993; Arima and Danno, 2002). Whereas the fruit skin is rich in Ascorbic acid and carbonyl compound which gives it the strong odor. The chemical analysis of the leaves shows that it contain essential oil with different component which include malic acid, menthol, guayavolic acid, flavonoids, and quercetin. In addition the leaves also contain fat, resin, mineral salt, tannin, chlorophyll, cellulose, etc. (Nadkarni and Nadkarni, 1999). Whereas the root analysis shows that it contains salt, carbohydrate, tannin, sterols etc (Iwu 1993). However, Okwu and Ekeke (2003) analysis of the twig shows that it contains essential elements which include calcium, magnesium, phosphorous potassium and sodium. In addition, it contains the micro elements like zinc, iron, copper etc. (Arima and Danno, 2002).
1.2 Justification of the study
Due to the medicinal uses of P. guajava and its potency in alternative medicine, it is therefore necessary to investigate the physiological effects of this plant material on biochemical and haematological indices using an animal model in order to make an inference on the safety of its consumption by humans.
1.3 Objectives of the study
The objectives were to:
1 Compare the effects of the extracts on the body weight of the albino rats
2 Determine the effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Psidium guajavaleaves on the biochemical indices of albino rats.
3 Determine the effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Psidium guajavaleaves on the hematological indices on Albino rats.
1.4 Literature Review
1.4.1 Origin and morphology of Psidium guajava
Psidium guajava originated from Central America and Mexico, although today the plant is distributed to Africa and to the Pacific region. It is a low evergreen shrub with branches and downy twigs. It has thin smooth-copper colored bark which peels off and show its greenish layer beneath. The leaves are green due to chlorophyll pigment in them, short-petioled, oval or oblong and irregular in outline. It has conspicuous parallel veins. It has petals which are easily shed and stamen with pale-yellow anthers. The fruit has strong, sweet, musky odor. It may be...
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