The effect of xylene on the biochemical and physicochemical properties and algal dynamics in a culture

 

Table Of Contents

  • <p> </p><p>Title page &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; i &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>Certification &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ii</p><p>Dedication &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; iii</p><p>Acknowledgement &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; iv</p><p>Abstract &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; v</p><p>Table of contents &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; vi</p><p><b>CHAPTER<br>ONE</b></p><p>
  • 1.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Introduction &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1</p><p>
  • 1.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Objectives of the work &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 4</p><p><b>CHAPTER<br>TWO</b></p><p>
  • 2.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Literature review &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <b>– &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </b>– &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 5</p><p><b>CHAPTER<br>THREE</b></p><p>
  • 3.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Materials and methods &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>
  • 3.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Study site &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>
  • 3.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Source of Hydrocarbon &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>
  • 3.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Preparation of Treatment culture &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>
  • 3.4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Nutrient media &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>3.
  • 4.1&nbsp; Preparation of Nutrient media &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9</p><p>
  • 3.5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Preparation of Sodium thiosulphate &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9</p><p>
  • 3.6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Preparation of Winkler A solution &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9</p><p>
  • 3.7&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Preparation of Winkler B solution &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9</p><p>
  • 3.8&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Experimental vessels/ set-up &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 10</p><p>
  • 3.9&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Analysis of Biochemical and<br>Physicochemical parameters &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 10</p><p><b>CHAPTER<br>FOUR</b></p><p>
  • 4.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Results &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 14</p><p>
  • 4.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Algal Dynamics &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 18</p><p><b>CHAPTER<br>FIVE</b></p><p>
  • 5.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Discussion &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 22</p><p>
  • 5.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Conclusion &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 24</p><p>
  • 5.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Recommendation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 25</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <b>References &nbsp; &nbsp;</b></p><p><b>Appendix</b></p><p><b>LIST OF PLATES</b></p><p>Plate<br>1 – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>Plate<br>2 – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>Plate<br>3 – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>Plate<br>4 – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>Plate<br>5 – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>Plate<br>6 – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>Plate<br>7 – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>Plate<br>8 – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>Plate<br>9 – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>Plate<br>10 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>Plate<br>11 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>Plate<br>12 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>Plate<br>13 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 21</p><p>Plate<br>14 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 21</p><p>Plate<br>15 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 21</p> <br><p></p>

Project Abstract

<p> The effect of xylene on the biochemical<br>and physicochemical properties and algal dynamics in culture were investigated<br>ex-situ between May, 26th and July 9th, 2017. The<br>biochemical and physicochemical parameters Viz Temperature, Dissolved oxygen,<br>Biochemical oxygen demand, and volume were analyzed. Air temperature ranged<br>between 25 – 310C, Water temperature ranged between 28 – 340C,<br>Dissolved oxygen ranged between 42 – 90mg/l, Biochemical oxygen ranged between<br>9 – 72 and Volume ranged between 1000 – 4000 ml. There was no significant<br>difference on all the parameters analyzed. The algal species present include <i>Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus acuminatus,<br>Cladphora spp, Oedogunium grande, Sururella spp </i>and their pattern of<br>colonization is of the order <i>Chlorella<br>vulgaris</i>&nbsp;whichwas the pioneer species, followed by <i>Scenedesmus acuminatus </i>followed by <i>Oedogonium grande </i>followed by <i>Sururella<br>spp </i>followed by <i>Cladphora spp. </i>The<br>division Chlorophyta represented by <i>Chlorella<br>vulgaris, Scenedesmus acuminatus, Cladphora spp, Oedogunium grande</i>&nbsp;and<i>&nbsp;Sururella spp </i>were the dominant group.<br>The result obtained in this study could be a useful tool in understanding the<br>bioremediation potential of various algal species. <br></p>

Project Overview

<p> </p><p><b>1.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; INTRODUCTION</b></p><p>Algae<br>are autotrophs in many aquatic ecosystems and are well represented in fresh<br>waters. Many factors contribute to algal diversity and reproduction, including<br>variation in nutrient supply and temperature (Turpin and Harrison, 1979). It is<br>known that microalgae respond with physiological alterations to the<br>environmental conditions where they grow (Scragg <i>et. al</i>., 2002, Valenzuela-Espinoza <i>et. al.</i>, 2002). This behaviour can be viewed as biotechnological<br>attribute that can be manipulated in order to control the algae biochemical<br>composition and growth.</p><p>The<br>influence of physical and chemical environment on a water body together with<br>the rate of growth of individual species play important roles in algae<br>diversity. Among the physical factors, light and temperature are the major ones<br>that control the algal dynamics (Emeka <i>et.<br>al., </i>2011). Physicochemical parameters are the major factors which controls<br>the dynamics and structure of the phytoplankton of aquatic ecosystems (Huyal<br>and Kaliwa, 2009). Changes in the physicochemical parameters may positively or<br>negatively affect the biota of water body in a number of ways which increases<br>the survival and growth rate and these may eventually result in the<br>disappearance of some species of organisms or its reproduction (Edward and<br>Ugwumba, 2010).</p><p>Temperature<br>has major structuring effects at all levels of biological organization. The<br>rate at which biochemical reactions occur is temperature dependent (Brown <i>et. al.</i>, 2005). Temperature is important<br>because the rate of chemical reactions increases at high temperature which in<br>turn affects biological activities and growth of aquatic organism (Waziri <i>et. al., </i>2012). The increase in water<br>temperature is an important factor when toxic substances are present in the<br>water. Most of the substances (cyanides, Xylene) exhibit increased toxicity at<br>elevated temperature. These toxicities and other physiological interactions are<br>also influenced by increased temperature and history of the species In an algal<br>culture, the optimal temperature for algal survival is generally between 200C<br>and 240C, although may vary with the composition of the culture<br>medium and the strain culture.</p><p>Most<br>phytoplankton isolates originating from alkaline lakes reach their optimum<br>growth rate and photosynthetic capacity at a neutral and alkaline pH and are<br>unable to survive in acidic conditions. Whether a species can grow at neutral<br>pH or not defines it as acid-tolerant or acidophilic specie (Gross, 2000).<br>Maintaining an alkaline, cystolic pH is one of the major problems these<br>organisms are faced with as many enzymes are highly pH dependent and become<br>inactive at acidic pH values (Gimmer, 2004). The pH in water governs biological<br>processes while temperature in water governs the availability of oxygen<br>(Kowalkowski <i>et. al.</i>, 2006).</p><p>Both<br>aquatic plant and animals depend on dissolved oxygen (DO) for survival. DO is<br>important in aquatic ecosystem because it determines the types and abundance of<br>species that can survive and flourish there (Huyal and Kalliwa, 2009). The<br>maximum concentration of oxygen that can be dissolved in water is a function of<br>temperature and therefore, dissolved oxygen of water may vary from place to<br>place and from time to time (Prasad and Patil, 2008). Fluctuations in dissolved<br>oxygen are due to fluctuations in water temperature and addition of sewage<br>waste demanding oxygen (Koshy and Nayar, 2000). The dissolved oxygen of water<br>is greatly affected by the content of Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). BOD<br>determination is used to measure the amount of organic material of an aquatic<br>system, which supports the growth of organisms (Keramat, 2008).</p><p>The<br>persistence of organic pollutants introduced into the environment through<br>industrial discharges, or improper waste disposal practices poses a chronic<br>threat to the health of human and wildlife (Pavlostathis <i>et. al., </i>2001). Depending on biogeochemical processes, many organic<br>pollutants like hydrocarbon are involved in adsorption, desorption and<br>transformation processes and can be made available to benthic organisms as well<br>as organisms in the water column through the sediment-water interface (Perele,<br>2010). Investigations on organic xenobiotics bioaccumulation/ biodegradation in<br>green algae are of great importance from environmental point of view because<br>widespread distribution of these compounds in agricultural areas has become one<br>of the major problems in aquatic ecosystems (Jin <i>et. al.</i>, 2012). The algae proved to be effective in hyper<br>accumulation of heavy metals as well as degradation in xenobiotics (Suresh and<br>Ravishankar, 2004).</p><p>The<br>impact of xylene on the biochemical and physicochemical properties and algal<br>dynamics are presently unknown as there is no documented information. Thus,<br>this study was structured with the following aims:</p><p>1. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br>To determine the effect of xylene on<br>physicochemical properties of water.</p><p>2. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br>To determine the effects of xylene on<br>biochemical properties of water.</p><p>3. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br>To determine the effect of xylene on<br>algal dynamics.</p><h3></h3><br> <br><p></p>
Purchase This Research

Blazingprojects Mobile App

📚 Over 50,000 Project Materials
📱 100% Offline: No internet needed
📝 Over 98 Departments
🔍 Software coding and Machine construction
🎓 Postgraduate/Undergraduate Research works
📥 Instant Whatsapp/Email Delivery

Blazingprojects App
Install Mobile App

Related Research

Pure and Industrial . 2 min read

Development of Eco-Friendly Catalysts for Sustainable Industrial Petrochemical Proce...

What This Project Is About This project focuses on creating new types of catalysts that are safer for the environment and can be used in industrial processes re...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Pure and Industrial . 2 min read

Development of Eco-Friendly Biodegradable Plastics from Agricultural Waste Biomass...

What This Project Is About This project explores how agricultural waste, like plant leftovers and crop husks, can be transformed into biodegradable plastics. Th...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Pure and Industrial . 4 min read

Development of Eco-Friendly Catalysts for Sustainable Industrial Chemical Processes...

What This Project Is About This project focuses on developing new catalysts that are environmentally friendly for use in industrial chemical processes. Catalyst...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Pure and Industrial . 2 min read

Development of Eco-Friendly Catalysts for Renewable Biofuel Production...

This project is about creating new types of catalysts that are environmentally friendly and can be used to produce renewable biofuels. Catalysts are substances ...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Pure and Industrial . 4 min read

Development of Eco-Friendly Catalysts for Sustainable Industrial Chemical Processes...

This project is about creating and studying environmentally friendly catalysts that can be used in industries to make chemical processes cleaner and more sustai...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Pure and Industrial . 4 min read

Development of Biodegradable Polymer Blends for Sustainable Packaging Applications...

This project is about creating new types of plastic materials that can break down naturally after they are used, especially for packaging items like food contai...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Pure and Industrial . 2 min read

Investigation of the Catalytic Activity of Transition Metal Complexes in Organic Rea...

The project titled &quot;Investigation of the Catalytic Activity of Transition Metal Complexes in Organic Reactions for Green Chemistry Applications&quot; aims ...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Pure and Industrial . 2 min read

Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources for Sustainable Chemical Production Processe...

The project topic &quot;Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources for Sustainable Chemical Production Processes in the Industrial Sector&quot; focuses on the sign...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Pure and Industrial . 4 min read

Utilization of Green Chemistry Principles in the Synthesis of Sustainable Polymers...

The project topic, &quot;Utilization of Green Chemistry Principles in the Synthesis of Sustainable Polymers,&quot; focuses on the application of green chemistry...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
WhatsApp Click here to chat with us