Effect of consumption of aqueous extract of hibiscus sabdariffa and azadirachta inidca during pregnancy and lactation on breast milk creamatocrit and early postnatal growth of offspring

 

Table Of Contents

  • <p> </p><p>Title page &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; i</p><p>Attestation . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ii</p><p>Certification &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; iii</p><p>Dedication . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; iv</p><p>Acknowledgment . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; v</p><p>Abstract &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; viii</p><p>Table of contents . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; x</p><p>List of Table &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; xviii</p><p>List of Figures . &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; xx</p><p><strong>

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • </strong></p><p>
  • 1.0&nbsp; Introduction &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1</p><p>
  • 1.1&nbsp; &nbsp;Statement of Problem &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 4</p><p>
  • 1.2&nbsp; &nbsp;Aim &nbsp; and Objectives &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 5</p><p>1.
  • 2.1Aim &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 5</p><p>1.
  • 2.2Objectives &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 5</p><p>
  • 1.3&nbsp; Operational Definition of Terms &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6</p><p><strong>

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • </strong></p><p>
  • 2.0&nbsp; &nbsp; Literature Review &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>
  • 2.1&nbsp; &nbsp; <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>2.
  • 1.1Botanical Description &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>2.
  • 1.2Geographical Distribution and Common Names . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9</p><p>2.
  • 1.3&nbsp; &nbsp;Composition of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 10</p><p>2.1.
  • 3.1Nutritive Value . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 10</p><p>2.1.
  • 3.2Phytochemical Constituents . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 11</p><p>2.
  • 1.4&nbsp; &nbsp;Pharmacological Properties of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12</p><p>2.1.
  • 4.1Antioxidant Properties &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12</p><p>2.1.
  • 4.2Nephroprotective Properties . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 13</p><p>2.1.
  • 4.3Delayed Puberty Activity &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 14</p><p>2.
  • 1.5&nbsp; Uses of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 15</p><p>2.1.
  • 5.1Medicinal Use &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 15</p><p>2.1.
  • 5.2Food Use &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 16</p><p>2.1.
  • 5.3Non Medicinal Use &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>
  • 2.2&nbsp; &nbsp; <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>2.
  • 2.1Botanical Description &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>2.
  • 2.2Geographical Distribution and Common Names . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>2.
  • 2.3Composition of <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>2.2.
  • 3.1Phytochemical Constituents . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>2.
  • 2.4Pharmacological Properties of <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>2.2.
  • 4.1Anti-Bacterial Properties &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>2.2.
  • 4.2Antioxidant Properties &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 21</p><p>2.
  • 2.5Uses of <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 21</p><p>2.2.
  • 5.1Medicinal Use &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 21</p><p>2.2.
  • 5.2Non Medicinal Use &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 22</p><p>
  • 2.3Breast Milk &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 22</p><p>2.
  • 3.1Development of Breast (Mammary Gland) In Rats &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 22</p><p>2.
  • 3.2Onset of Lactation in Rats &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 25</p><p>2.
  • 3.3Stages of Lactation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 26</p><p>2.
  • 3.4Composition of Breast Milk &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 27</p><p>2.
  • 3.5Factors Affecting Breast Milk Composition &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 29</p><p>
  • 2.4Postnatal Development in Rats &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 30</p><p>2.
  • 4.1Factors Affecting Early Postnatal Development &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 32</p><p><strong>

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • </strong></p><p>
  • 3.0&nbsp; &nbsp; Material and Methods &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 38</p><p>
  • 3.1&nbsp; &nbsp; Plant Collection and Identification &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 38</p><p>
  • 3.2&nbsp; &nbsp; Preparation of Plant Extract &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 38</p><p>3.
  • 3.&nbsp; Phytochemical Analysis . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 39</p><p>
  • 3.4&nbsp; &nbsp; Experimental Animals &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 39</p><p>
  • 3.5&nbsp; Induction of Pregnancy in Rats &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 40</p><p>
  • 3.6&nbsp; &nbsp; Experimental Design &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 40</p><p>
  • 3.7&nbsp; Extract Administration . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 41</p><p>
  • 3.8&nbsp; Maternal Body Weight Measurement &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 41</p><p>
  • 3.9&nbsp; &nbsp;Measurement of Food and Fluid Intake &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 42</p><p>
  • 3.10&nbsp; Measurement of Litter Size, Length and Weight &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 42</p><p>
  • 3.11&nbsp; Breast Milk Extraction . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 42</p><p>
  • 3.12&nbsp; Breast Milk Creamatocrit Measurement &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 43</p><p>
  • 3.13&nbsp; Statistical Analysis &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 44</p><p><strong>

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

  • </strong></p><p>
  • 4.0&nbsp; Results &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 45</p><p>
  • 4.1&nbsp; Extract Yield &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 45</p><p>
  • 4.2&nbsp; Phytochemical Screening &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 46</p><p>4.
  • 3.1Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;on &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Food Intake During Pregnancy &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 49</p><p>4.
  • 3.2Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp;on &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Food Intake During Pregnancy &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 51</p><p>4.
  • 3.3Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Hibiscus &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sabdariffa</em></p><p>on Fluid Intake During Pregnancy &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 53</p><p>4.
  • 3.4Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp;on Fluid &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Intake During Pregnancy . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 55</p><p>4.
  • 3.5Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Hibiscus &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;on &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Maternal Weight During Pregnancy &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 57</p><p>4.
  • 3.6Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp;on &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Maternal Weight During &nbsp; &nbsp; Pregnancy &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 59</p><p>4.
  • 3.7Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Hibiscus &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sabdariffa</em></p><p>on Food Intake During Lactation &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 61</p><p>4.
  • 3.8Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Azadirachta indica</em></p><p>on Food Intake During Lactation &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 63</p><p>4.
  • 3.9Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Hibiscus &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sabdariffa</em></p><p>on Fluid Intake During Lactation &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 65</p><p>4.
  • 3.10Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Azadirachta indica</em></p><p>on Fluid Intake During Lactation &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 67</p><p>4.
  • 3.11Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;on &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Maternal Weight During Lactation &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 69</p><p>4.
  • 3.12Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Azadirachta indica</em></p><p>on Maternal Weight During Lactation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 71</p><p>4.
  • 3.13Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;on &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Creamatocrit Value of the Breast Milk (Cream/Lipid)</p><p>In Percentage(%) . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 73</p><p>4.
  • 3.14Effect of consumption of aqueous extract of <em>Azadirachta indica</em></p><p>on creamatocrit value of the &nbsp; breast milk (cream/lipid)</p><p>in percentage (%) . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 75</p><p>4.
  • 3.15Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;During &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Lactation on Body Weight of Offspring &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 77</p><p>4.
  • 3.16Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; During Lactation on Body Weight of Offspring &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 79</p><p>4.
  • 3.17Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Hibiscus &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sabdariffa</em></p><p>During Lactation on BMI of Offspring &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 81</p><p>4.
  • 3.18Effect of Consumption of Aqueous Extract of <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; During Lactation on BMI of Offspring &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 83</p><p><strong>

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • </strong></p><p>
  • 5.0&nbsp; &nbsp; Discussion and Conclusion &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 85</p><p>
  • 5.1&nbsp; &nbsp; Maternal Study &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 85</p><p>5.
  • 1.1Food and Fluid Intake in Dams That Consumed <em>Hibiscus</em></p><p><em>sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;During Pregnancy and Lactation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 85</p><p>5.
  • 1.2Food and Fluid Intake in Dams That Consumed <em>Azadirachta</em></p><p><em>indica</em>&nbsp;During Pregnancy and Lactation &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 87</p><p>5.
  • 1.3Weight of Dams That Consumed <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;During</p><p>Pregnancy &nbsp; and Lactation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 89</p><p>5.
  • 1.4Weight of Dams That Consumed <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp;During</p><p>Pregnancy and Lactation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 90</p><p>5.
  • 1.5Breast Milk Creamatocrit of Dams That Consumed <em>Hibiscus</em></p><p><em>Sabdariffa </em>and <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp;During Lactation &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 91</p><p>
  • 5.2&nbsp; &nbsp; Offspring Study &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 92</p><p>5.
  • 2.1Postnatal Growth of Offspring Whose Mother Consumed</p><p>HS and AI During Lactation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 92</p><p>
  • 5.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Conclusion &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 93</p><p>
  • 5.4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Recommendation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 94</p><p>Summary of Findings &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 95</p><p>References &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 96</p><p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p><p>&nbsp;</p> <br><p></p>

Project Abstract

<p> Extracts of <em>Hibiscus Sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;(HS) and <em>Azadirachta Indica</em>&nbsp;(AI) are widely used for medicinal purposes and have been shown to affect postnatal growth of the offspring through mechanisms not yet defined. Breast milk creamatocrit is the length of the cream column separated from milk by centrifugation and expressed as a percentage of the length of the total milk column. It is a simple accurate &nbsp; inexpensive technique and useful measure of the lipid concentration and the energy content of &nbsp; breast milk. No data has shown the effect of these two extracts on breast milk creamatocrit which is a vital factor for the early postnatal growth of offspring. The study was designed to investigate the effects of the two extract on breast milk creamatocrit and early postnatal growth of offspring. 40 pregnant rats weighing 150-200g were used for this study. They were divided into control, HS and AI groups. HS and AI groups were subdivided into two subgroups of low and high dose. Extract administration commenced on day 1 of pregnancy and ended on postnatal day 21. On the day of delivery litter sizes, length and weights were recorded. Litter weight and length were subsequently recorded at postnatal days 7, 14 and 21. Breast milk was collected from 4 dams in each group into a plain sample container at postnatal day 7, 14 and 21 for determination of breast milk creamatocrit. &nbsp;Milk sample volume collected ranged between 0.4ml-0.5ml per dam. The study revealed that the aqueous extract of <em>Hibiscus Sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;and <em>Azadirachta Indica</em>&nbsp;increased consumption of food and fluid during pregnancy and lactation, increased maternal weight gain during pregnancy and lactation and also caused a progressive increase in breast milk creamatocrit during lactation days 7, 14, 21. The progressive increase in breast milk creamatocrit values peaked greatly in the third week of lactation. The aqueous extract of <em>Hibiscus Sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;and <em>Azadirachta Indica</em>&nbsp;caused a progressive increase in BMI of the extract treated group that became significantly greater than that of the control at weaning. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that consumption of extracts of HS and AI during pregnancy and lactation increases fluid, food intake and weight gain while accelerating the postnatal growth of the offspring through increased breast milk creamatocrit. <br></p>

Project Overview

<p> </p><p><strong>1.0 INTRODUCTION</strong></p><p>Medicinal plants over the years has been part and parcel of human society to combat diseases (Kausik &nbsp;<em>et al</em>., 2002). These plants has been a good source of food because they provide essential nutritional values, medicinal properties and &nbsp;notable physiological effect &nbsp; to life (Dalziel, 1973) .</p><p><em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp; and &nbsp;<em>Azadinachta indica</em>&nbsp; are used as medicinal and food ingredients in &nbsp;many parts of the world including Nigeria. Both plants are highly sourced as food vegetable particularly because of their health promoting &nbsp;and diseases- preventing properties strongly suspected to be due to the presence of many phytochemicals in them (Ijeomah <em>et al</em>, 2012). These phytochemicals present like alkaloid, saponin, glycoside, tannin, phenol, flavonoid, steroid , reducing &nbsp; sugar, nimbidin, sodium nimbidate, nimbin, gedunin, delphinidin 3- sambubioside and protocatechuic acid in the two plants have been found to be protective and preventive against many degenerative diseases and pathological process such as in ageing (Burns &nbsp;<em>et al</em>., 2001). <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;(family: malvaceae) commonly known as <em>zobo</em>&nbsp;in Nigeria, is an annual herbaceous shrub, cultivated for its flowers, leaves and seeds. It is found in the tropics, subtropics and other parts of the world (Dalziel, 1973) but it is utilized beyond these areas of cultivation globally. In folk medicine this &nbsp; medicinal herb is used for the treatment of hypertension (Wang <em>et al</em>., 2000; Odigie <em>et al</em>., 2003). The plant is reported to have hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, anticancer and antioxidant properties (Mahadevan and Shivali, 2009).</p><p><em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp;which is commonly referred to as Dogonyaro or neem plant is an evergreen robust tree belonging to the family meliaceae. It is mostly found in tropics and sub- tropical areas of the world African and Asia (Ejoba, 2012) .The tree occurs in medium to large &nbsp;size and has dark grey bark and a dense rounded row of pinnate leaves (Ogbuewu, 2008). All parts of the neem tree (leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots and bark) are widely used in traditional medicine<em>. &nbsp;Azadirachta</em>&nbsp; <em>indica</em>&nbsp;is used for the treatment of many health related problems and also known to extent anticancer, antioxidant, wound – healing and antimicrobial properties (Hybercyclopedia, 2014). According to (Ogbuewu, 2008; Mossini <em>et al</em>., 2004), all parts of this plant are useful and has been used to treat diseases ranging from tooth decay, ulcer, swollen liver, malaria and dysentery.</p><p>Breast milk is the normative standard for infant feeding and nutrition because it has been associated with a reduction in the incidence of gastrointestinal tract infection, respiratory tract &nbsp;infection and otitis media (AAP, 2012; WHO, &nbsp;2013). It is important to note that breast milk is widely accepted to be the optimal source of nutrition for the newborn infants because it contains appropriate amount of &nbsp;protein, &nbsp;lipid, carbohydrate, micronutrients, trace elements, vitamins, minerals, digestive enzyme and hormones (Chantry &nbsp;<em>et al</em>., 2011) required for early postnatal growth of offspring, development and immune protection (Ostrom, 1990). However it is &nbsp; now universally recognized that there is no commercial formula that can equal breast milk. The relationship of breast milk feeding with a significant reduction in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has been suggested in preterm infants (Sullivan, 2010).</p><p>Additionally there is extensive evidence that offspring who had been breastfed with breast milk show lower risk of same non- communicable diseases later in life (AAP, 2012; WHO, 2013). &nbsp;Indeed breast milk given to infant at the early postnatal stage has been associated with lower risk of obesity, Lower levels of &nbsp; arterial blood pressure, &nbsp;lower total and LDL-Blood cholesterol level in adulthood and lower &nbsp; risk of developing type – 2 diabetes (AAP, 2012; WHO, &nbsp;2013). Breast milk is not only associated with &nbsp;improved parameters of growth in offspring but also with a better neuronal-behavioral development (Mortensen <em>et al</em>., &nbsp;2002; &nbsp;AAP, &nbsp;2012). Breast milk creamatocrit is the cream column separated from the milk by centrifugation and expressed as a percentages of the length of the total milk column. It is a simple method of estimating the calorific value of breast milk ( Lucas, 1978; Wang &nbsp;<em>et al</em>., 1999).</p><p>Infant growth during the early postnatal period is obviously the result of the development of complex functional, structural and metabolic mechanisms, which are however not yet entirely clarified (Patel and Srinivasan, 2010). However this period is characterized by a great plasticity with critical windows in which any inadequate insult or intervention may cause &nbsp; both positively and adversely postnatal growth and development (Ostadelova and Babicky, 2012). This &nbsp;study is to determine the effect of consumption of aqueous extract of <em>&nbsp;Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp; and &nbsp;<em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp; during pregnancy and lactation on breast milk creamatocrit &nbsp;and early postnatal growth of offspring, considering the fact that the extract is widely used socially.</p><p>1.1 <strong>STATEMENT OF PROBLEM &nbsp;</strong></p><p>The sweetened &nbsp;aqueous extract of &nbsp;<em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp; is consumed by both males and females including pregnant and lactating mothers not necessarily for medicinal purposes but as a substitute for carbonated drinks (Iyare and Adegoke, 2011) while <em>Azadinachta indica</em>&nbsp;is commonly and indiscriminately used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria in Nigeria (Ucheya <em>et al</em>., 2011). These plant extract are consumed without regards to the physiological state of the body &nbsp; (Iyare and Adegoke, 2011). There is paucity of information on the effect of these two plant extracts on breast milk &nbsp;creamatocrit &nbsp;which is a vital factor &nbsp;for the early postnatal growth of offspring.</p><p><strong>1.2 AIM &nbsp; AND OBJECTIVES</strong></p><p><strong>1.2.1 &nbsp; AIM</strong></p><p><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</strong>This study was aimed at investigating the effect of consumption of aqueous extract of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;and <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp;during pregnancy and lactation on breast milk creamatocrit and early postnatal growth of offspring.</p><p><strong>1.2.2 &nbsp; OBJECTIVES &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</strong></p><p>The objectives of this study included the following:</p><ul><li>To determine the effect of the aqueous extract of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;and <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp;on food and fluid intake during pregnancy and lactation.</li><li>To determine the effect of the aqueous extract of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;and <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp;on maternal weight during pregnancy and lactation.</li><li>To determine the effect of the aqueous extract of &nbsp;<em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp; and &nbsp; <em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp; on breast &nbsp; milk creamatocrit at postnatal day 7, 14 and 21</li><li>To determine the effect of the aqueous extract of &nbsp;<em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em>&nbsp;and &nbsp;<em>Azadirachta indica</em>&nbsp; on body parameters such as, litter weight, litter length and BMI of the offspring at birth, postnatal day 7, 14 and 21.</li></ul><p><strong>1.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS</strong></p><p>For the purpose of clarification and better understanding of this study, some concepts require definition, they include</p><p><strong>&nbsp;PREGNANCY: </strong>The period from conception to birth after the egg has been fertilized by a sperm and then imported into the lining of the uterus which develops into embryo and later into a fetus.</p><p><strong>LACTATION:</strong>&nbsp;The secretion of milk from the mammary gland after parturition and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.</p><p><strong>BREAST MILK: </strong>It is the milk produced by the breast (or mammary glands) of a female mammal (humans &amp; animals) for their infant offspring. Milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to eat and digest other food.</p><p><strong>BREASTMILK CREAMATOCRIT: </strong>It is the length of cream column separated from milk by centrifugation and expressed as a percentage of the length of the total milk column.</p><p><strong>EARLY POSTNATAL GROWTH: </strong>The period of growing or development from birth when the offspring begins to develop complex functional, structural and metabolic mechanisms.</p><p><strong>OFFSPRING:</strong>&nbsp;The progeny or descendant of a person or an animal.</p> <br><p></p>
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