An assessment of the impact of abattoir effluent discharge on the water quality of river illo, ota

• <p> </p><p>Title Page – – – – – i<br>Certification – – – – – ii<br>Acknowledgement – – – – iii<br>Dedication – – – – – iv<br>Table of Contents – – – – – v<br>List of Tables – – – – – xiii<br>List of Figures – – – – – ix<br>List of Plates – – – – – x<br>Abbreviations and Symbols – – – – xi<br>Abstract – – – – – xii<br>&nbsp;<br><b>

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• </b><br>11 Background information – – – – 1<br>12 General Description of River Illo – – – – 2<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 121 Identified Sources of pollution – – – 2<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 122 Water Uses and Conflict – – – – – 3<br>13 Statement of the problem – – – – – &nbsp; 4<br>14 Justification of the Study – – – – 5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br>15 Objectives of the Study – – – – – – &nbsp; 5<br>16 Expected Contributions to Knowledge – – – – – 6<br>17 Scope of the Study – – – – 6<br>&nbsp;<br><b>

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• </b><br>21 Surface Water Quality and Anthropogenic Activities – – 7<br>22 Slaughterhouses – – – – 7<br>221 Characterization of slaughterhouse wastes – – 8<br>222 The Nigerian Experience – – – 8<br>223 Abattoir Waste Management – – – 9<br>2</p><p>231 Waste Treatment Methods – – – 10<br>2232 Pollution Prevention – – – 11<br>23 Parameters Frequently Examined in the Determination of Water Quality – 12<br>231 Physico-ChemicaParameters – – – 12<br>232 Microbiological Parameters – – – 15<br>24 Water Pollution and Control in Nigeria – – – 16<br>25 Water Laws and Standards – – – – 18<br>26 Water Quality Measurements and Quantitative Hydrology – – 19<br>261 Assimilative Capacity Studies – – – 20<br>27 Field Survey and Sampling – – – – 21<br>28 Quality Control and Assurance – – – 21<br>29 Data Interpretation – – – – 23<br>&nbsp;<br><b>

Chapter THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

• </b><br>31 Field Survey and Sampling Exercise – – – 25<br>32 Sampling Locations – – – – 26<br>33 Conditions of Sampling – – – – 28<br>34 Quality Control and Assurance – – – – 29<br>35 Laboratory Analysis – – – – – 29<br>36 Data Analysis – – – – – 30<br>37 Solid Waste Management – – – – 30<br><b>&nbsp;<br>

Chapter FOUR

SYSTEM TESTING AND EVALUATION

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS</b><br>41 The Abattoir – – – – – 34<br>42 Solid Waste Characterization and Management practice at the abattoir – 34<br>43 Hydraulic Data – – – – – 36<br>44 Water Quality Parameters – – – – 36<br>441 Physical Parameters – – – 36<br>442 Chemical Parameters – – – 37<br>443 Microbiological Parameters – – – 37<br>45 Correlation and Regression Analysis – – – 37<br>46 Percentage Compliance with Standards – – – 40<br>47 Descriptive Statistics – – – – 41<br>48 Self purification capacity of stream – – – 42<br>49 Dispersion Modeling – – – – &nbsp; 44<br>491 &nbsp; Determination of Coefficient of Dispersion – – 45<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 492 &nbsp; Dissolved Oxygen modeling – – – 48<br>493 Assumptions of the model – – – 52<br>&nbsp;<br><b>

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• AND RECOMMENDATION</b><br>51 Conclusion – – – – 53<br>52 Recommendation – – – – 54<br>&nbsp;<br><b>REFERENCES – – – – 56<br>&nbsp;<br>APPENDIX – – – – – 60<br></b></p><p><b>LIST OF TABLE<br>&nbsp;<br>Table &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Title &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Page</b><br>&nbsp;<br>21 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water Quality Importance – 13<br>22 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Nigerian States, key Industries and Waste Characterization – 17<br>23 Water Quality Parameters and Storage Conditions for Samples – 22<br>31 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Hydraulic properties of the sampling points – – 27<br>41 Hydraulic Data from the River – – – 36 &nbsp;<br>42 Physical Parameters of the Water Samples from River Illo – 36<br>43 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Chemical Parameters of the Water Samples from the River – 37<br>44 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Microbiological Parameters for the river – – 37<br>45 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; WHO Guideline Values and Percentage Compliance of samples41<br>46 Descriptive Statistics – – – – 42<br>47 Self purification factor for receiving water at 200C – 48</p><p><b>LIST OF FIGURES<br>Figure &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Figure Caption &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Page</b><br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 11 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Map of Ota District Showing Important Settlements and Rivers – 2b<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 31 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; River cross section and Dimensions obtained – – 28<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 32 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Distances along the river where samples and hydraulic &nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; measurements were obtained – – – 29 &nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 33 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Sketch of the site plan of the abattoir and sampling &nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; points along the river – – – 31<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 41 Graph of discharge against velocity – – 38<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 42 Graph of conductivity against Total Solids – – 39<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 43 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Graph of discharge against conductivity – – 39<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 44 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Graph of Velocity against Dissolved Oxygen – – 39<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 45 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Graph of Velocity against Phosphate – – – 40<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 46 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Graph of Ammonia against Alkalinity – – 40<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 47 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Plot of Total Solids against the Sampling Points – – 42<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 48 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Plot of phosphate against the Sampling Points – – 43<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 49 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Plot of COD against the Sampling Points – – 43<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 410 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Plot of Ammonia against the Sampling Points – – 43<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 411 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Plot of Dissolved Oxygen against the Sampling Points – 44<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 412 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Ideal Dissolved Oxygen Curve – – – 48<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 413 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Dissolved Oxygen Curve for Case Study – – 49</p><p><b>LIST OF PLATES<br>&nbsp;<br>Plate &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Plate Caption &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Page</b><br>1 Dug well supplying process water – – – 32<br>2 The Slaughtering Slab – – – 32<br>3 A section of the receiving river – – – 32<br>4 Accumulated sludge in contact with the water body – – 33<br>5 Animal bones being sun dried – – – 33<br>6 Land and water pollution from rendering activities – – 33<br>ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS<br>ACS â“ Assimilative Capacity Studies<br>ASP â“ Activated Sludge Pond<br>BOD â“ Biochemical Oxygen Demand<br>COD â“ Chemical Oxygen Demand<br>DAF â“ Dissolved Air Floatation<br>DO â“ Dissolved Oxygen<br>EC â“ European Communities<br>FEPA â“ Federal Environmental Protection Agency<br>GEM â“ Global Environmental Monitoring Systems<br>mg/l â“ milligram per liter<br>NPC â“ National Population Commission<br>POC â“ Pollutants of Concern<br>TDS â“ Total Dissolved Solids<br>TSS â“ Total Suspended Solids<br>TS â“ Total Solids<br>µs/cm â“ microsiemen per centimeter<br>WHO â“ World Health Organization<br>-DL = m2<br>/s, where the negative sign is to show the flow of molecules from area of<br>higher &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; concentration to lower concentration<br>Da = initial DO deficit<br>La = initial BOD<br>q = kg/m2<br>s, where q is flux<br>Cs = concentration of DO at saturation<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; C1 = mg/l, where subscript 1 stands for point 1<br>r d = mg/m3<br>d, is the rate of deoxygenation<br>Di, ti = dissolved oxygen, time, at point of inflexion<br>Dc, tc = dissolved oxygen, time, at critical point<br>Xc, Xi = distance at which Dc, Di occurs<br>K1,1 = deoxygenation rate in segment 1</p> <br><p></p>