The bleaching of palm oil using activated charcoal

• <p> </p><p>

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

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• 1.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Introduction</p><p>
• 1.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Preamble</p><p>
• 1.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Objective</p><p>
• 1.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Scope of study</p><p>
• 2.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Literature Review</p><p>2.
• 1.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Chemical composition of palm oil</p><p>2.
• 1.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Carotenes</p><p>2.
• 1.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Phosphatides</p><p>2.
• 1.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Gums</p><p>2.
• 1.4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Compositions and standards of palm oil</p><p>2.
• 2.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Spoilage factors of palm oil</p><p>2.
• 2.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Preventive measures</p><p>2.
• 2.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Inhibitors</p><p>2.
• 3.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Refining of creebe palm oil</p><p>2.
• 3.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Degumming</p><p>2.
• 3.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Neutralization</p><p>2.
• 3.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bleaching</p><p>2.
• 3.4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Deodorization</p><p>2.
• 3.5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Chemical bleaching method</p><p>2.
• 3.6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Accretion bleaching</p><p>2.
• 3.7&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bleaching by adsorption</p><p>2.
• 4.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Adsorption</p><p>2.
• 4.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Uses of adsorption</p><p>2.
• 5.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Physical adsorption</p><p>2.
• 5.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Chemisorptions</p><p>2.
• 6.0&nbsp; Adsorbents</p><p>2.
• 6.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bauxite</p><p>2.
• 6.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Decolourising carbons</p><p>2.
• 6.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Gas-adsorbent carbon</p><p>2.
• 6.4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Molecular screening activated carbon</p><p>2.
• 6.5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Synthetic polymeric adsorbents</p><p>2.
• 6.6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Silica Gel</p><p>2.
• 6.7&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Alumna</p><p>2.
• 6.8&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bone char.</p><p>2.
• 7.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Charcoal</p><p>2.
• 7.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Properties of charcoal</p><p>2.
• 7.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Activated charcoal</p><p>2.
• 7.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Methods of charcoal activation</p><p>2.
• 7.4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Properties of activated charcoal</p><p>2.
• 7.5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Chemical properties of activated charcoal</p><p>2.
• 7.6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Physical properties of activated charcoal</p><p>2.
• 7.7&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Uses of activated charcoal</p><p>

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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• 3.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Experimental method</p><p>3.
• 1.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Materials</p><p>3.
• 1.1&nbsp; Material treatment</p><p>3.
• 2.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Charcoal activation using acid</p><p>3.
• 2.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Charcoal activation by heat treatment</p><p>3.
• 3.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Degumming of Palm oil</p><p>3.
• 3.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Neutralization</p><p>3.
• 4.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bleaching of palm oil</p><p>3.
• 4.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Experimental set-up</p><p>3.
• 5.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Characterization of palm oil</p><p>3.
• 5.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Specific gravity</p><p>3.
• 5.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Iodine value</p><p>3.
• 5.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Free fatty acid</p><p>3.
• 5.4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Saponification value</p><p>3.
• 5.5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Esterification value</p><p>3.
• 5.6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Process flow chart</p><p>

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

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• 4.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Experimental result</p><p>4.
• 1.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Effect of bleaching sample</p><p>4.
• 2.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Effect of temperature on bleaching</p><p>4.
• 3.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Colour observation at absorbance</p><p>4.
• 4.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Concise table for characterization</p><p>

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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• 5.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Discussion</p><p>CHAPTER SIX</p><p>
• 6.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Conclusion</p><p>CHAPTER SEVEN</p><p>
• 7.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Recommendation</p><p>References</p><p>Table of nomenclature</p><p>Appendices</p> <br><p></p>