Macrophyte distribution in relation to water quality parameters in selected ponds along ikot akpadem access road, akwa ibom state

 

Table Of Contents

  • <p> </p><p>
  • 1.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br>Introduction … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1</p><p>
  • 1.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Background of the Study &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1</p><p>
  • 1.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Statement<br>of Research Problem &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>
  • 1.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Aim of<br>the Study &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>
  • 1.4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Objectives of the Study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p><b>

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • </b></p><p>
  • 2.0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Literature Review &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9</p><p>
  • 2.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Aquatic macrophyetes &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 11</p><p>
  • 2.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Emergent Macrophytes &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 11</p><p>
  • 2.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Free-floating macraphytes … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12</p><p>
  • 2.4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Submerged macrophytes &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12</p><p>
  • 2.5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Impact of Aquatic Macrophytes on their<br>Environment &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 13</p><p><b>

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • MATERIALS AND METHODS</b></p><p>
  • 3.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Study<br>Area &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 16</p><p>
  • 3.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Vegetation<br>Sampling and Collection of Water Samples &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 16</p><p>
  • 3.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Quantitative<br>Determination of Vegetation Parameters … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>3.
  • 3.1&nbsp; Density &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>3.
  • 3.2&nbsp; Frequency &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>
  • 3.4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Analysis of the Water Samples &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>3.4.1<br>&nbsp; Conductivity Determination &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 18</p><p>3.
  • 4.2&nbsp; Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Determination &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 18</p><p>3.
  • 4.3&nbsp; Temperature Determination &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 18</p><p>3.
  • 4.4&nbsp; Phosphate Determination &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>3.
  • 4.5&nbsp; Nitrate Determination &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>3.
  • 4.6&nbsp; Total Suspended Solids Determination &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>3.
  • 4.7&nbsp; pH Determination &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>3.
  • 4.8&nbsp; Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>3.
  • 4.9&nbsp; Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand<br>(BOD) &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>3.
  • 4.10Salinity &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 21</p><p>3.
  • 4.11Turbidity &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 21</p><p>3.
  • 4.12Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 22</p><p>3.
  • 4.13Alkalinity Determination &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 23</p><p>3.
  • 4.14Chloride Determination &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 23</p><p>
  • 3.5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Statistical Analysis … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 24</p><p><b>

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

  • RESULTS<br></b></p><p>
  • 4.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Results &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 25</p><p>4.
  • 1.1&nbsp; Vegetation<br>Characteristics of the Pond &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 25</p><p>4.
  • 1.2&nbsp; Physicochemical<br>Characteristics of Water &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 27</p><p><b>

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; DISCUSSION,</b><b>&nbsp;CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION</b></p><p>
  • 5.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Discussion &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 36</p><p>
  • 5.2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Conclusion &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 39</p><p>
  • 5.3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Recommendation &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 40</p><p><b>REFERENCES<br></b></p><p><b>LIST OF TABLES</b></p><p>Table 4.1: Vegetation Characteristics of the ponds &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 26</p><p>Table 4.2: Physicochemical Characteristics within<br>the ponds … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 29</p><p><b>LIST OF FIGURES</b></p><p>Figure 1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i>&nbsp;with pH &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>Figure 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i>&nbsp;with BOD &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 31</p><p>Figure 3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density <i>of Nymphaea lotus</i>&nbsp;with DO &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 31</p><p>Figure 4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i>&nbsp;with phosphates – &nbsp; 32</p><p>Figure 5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i>&nbsp;with nitrates &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; 32</p><p>Figure<br>6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density of <i>Cryptosperma senegalense</i>&nbsp;with &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; pH &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp;&amp;nb</p> <br><p></p>

Project Abstract

<p> Macrophyte distribution in relation to<br>water quality parameters in roadside ponds was studied in a seasonal wetland at<br>Mkpat EninLocal Government Area of<br>Akwa Ibom State. Systematic sampling method was used in sampling the vegetation<br>using a quadrant of 5mx5m space at regular intervals. The vegetation parameters such as density and frequency were<br>determined. Water sample was also collected at different point in the pond and<br>their physiochemical characteristic were analysed. Ten (10) flora species belonging<br>to 10 families were recorded. <i>Cryptosperma<br>senegalense</i>&nbsp;was the species with the highest richness with density value of<br>(9500±150.63st/ha) and this followed by <i>Nymphea<br>lotus</i>&nbsp;(6000±138.36st/ha). The least density value was associated with <i>Alchornea cordifolia</i>&nbsp;(300±43.54st/ha). <i>Crypstosperma senegalense</i>&nbsp;also had the highest<br>frequency (100%) while the least frequency value of 25% was associated with<br>species such as <i>Alchornea cordifolia</i>,<br><i>Heteranthera cordifolia</i>, <i>Lygodium sp</i>. and <i>physalis angulata</i>&nbsp;respectively. This study shows that water<br>properties have substantial effect on the distribution of macrophyte species<br>and that the density of each species correlated positively or negatively with<br>water parameters. The study provides a baseline information towards the<br>monitoring and management of ponds and other wetland ecosystems within the<br>State. <br></p>

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