Macrophyte distribution in relation to water quality parameters in selected ponds along ikot akpadem access road,
Table Of Contents
- <p> </p><div><p>Title page … … … … … … … … … i</p><p>Dedication … … … … … … … … … ii</p><p>Certification … … … … … … … … … iii</p><p>Acknowledgments … … … … … … … … iv</p><p>Abstract … … … … … … … … … v</p><p>Table of Contents … … … … … … … … vi</p><p>List of Tables … … … … … … … … x</p><p>List of Figures … … … … … … … … xi</p><p><b>
Chapter ONE
INTRODUCTION
- </b></p><p>
- 1.0 <br>Introduction … … … … … … … … 1</p><p>
- 1.1 Background of the Study … … … … … … 1</p><p>
- 1.2 Statement<br>of Research Problem … … … … … 8</p><p>
- 1.3 Aim of<br>the Study … … … … … … … 8</p><p>
- 1.4 Objectives of the Study … … … … … … 8</p><p><b>
Chapter TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- </b></p><p>
- 2.0 Literature Review … … … … … … … 9</p><p>
- 2.1 Aquatic macrophyetes … … … … … … 11</p><p>
- 2.2 Emergent Macrophytes … … … … … … 11</p><p>
- 2.3 Free-floating macraphytes … … … … … … 12</p><p>
- 2.4 Submerged macrophytes … … … … … … 12</p><p>
- 2.5 Impact of Aquatic Macrophytes on their<br>Environment … 13</p><p><b>
Chapter THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- MATERIALS AND METHODS</b></p><p>
- 3.1 Study<br>Area … … … … … … … … 16</p><p>
- 3.2 Vegetation<br>Sampling and Collection of Water Samples … … 16</p><p>
- 3.3 Quantitative<br>Determination of Vegetation Parameters … … 17</p><p>3.
- 3.1 Density … … … … … … … … 17</p><p>3.
- 3.2 Frequency … … … … … … … … 17</p><p>
- 3.4 Analysis of the Water Samples … … … … … 17</p><p>3.4.1<br> Conductivity Determination … … … … … 18</p><p>3.
- 4.2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Determination … … … 18</p><p>3.
- 4.3 Temperature Determination … … … … … 18</p><p>3.
- 4.4 Phosphate Determination … … … … … … 19</p><p>3.
- 4.5 Nitrate Determination … … … … … … 19</p><p>3.
- 4.6 Total Suspended Solids Determination … … … … 20</p><p>3.
- 4.7 pH Determination … … … … … … … 20</p><p>3.
- 4.8 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) … … … 20</p><p>3.
- 4.9 Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand<br>(BOD) … … 20</p><p>3.
- 4.10Salinity … … … … … … … … 21</p><p>3.
- 4.11Turbidity … … … … … … … … 21</p><p>3.
- 4.12Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)<br> … … … … 22</p><p>3.
- 4.13Alkalinity Determination … … … … … … 23</p><p>3.
- 4.14Chloride Determination … … … … … … 23</p><p>
- 3.5 Statistical Analysis … … … … … … … 24</p><p><b>
Chapter FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
- RESULTS<br></b></p><p>
- 4.1 Results … … … … … … … … 25</p><p>4.
- 1.1 Vegetation<br>Characteristics of the Pond … … … … 25</p><p>4.
- 1.2 Physicochemical<br>Characteristics of Water … … … 27</p><p><b>
Chapter FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- DISCUSSION,</b><b> CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION</b></p><p>
- 5.1 Discussion … … … … … … … … 36</p><p>
- 5.2 Conclusion … … … … … … … … 39</p><p>
- 5.3 Recommendation … … … … … … … 40</p><p><b>REFERENCES<br></b></p><p><b>LIST OF TABLES</b></p><p>Table 4.1: Vegetation Characteristics of the ponds … … … 26</p><p>Table 4.2: Physicochemical Characteristics within<br>the ponds … … 29</p><p><b>LIST OF FIGURES</b></p><p>Figure 1 Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i> with pH … 20</p><p>Figure 2 Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i> with BOD … 31</p><p>Figure 3 Regression of density <i>of Nymphaea lotus</i> with DO … 31</p><p>Figure 4 Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i> with phosphates – 32</p><p>Figure 5 Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i> with nitrates … 32</p><p>Figure<br>6 Regression of density of <i>Cryptosperma senegalense</i> with pH … … … … … &nb</p></div><h3></h3><br> <br><p></p>
Project Abstract
<p> Macrophyte distribution in relation to<br>water quality parameters in roadside ponds was studied in a seasonal wetland at<br>Mkpat EninLocal Government Area of<br>Akwa Ibom State. Systematic sampling method was used in sampling the vegetation<br>using a quadrant of 5mx5m space at regular intervals. The vegetation parameters such as density and frequency were<br>determined. Water sample was also collected at different point in the pond and<br>their physiochemical characteristic were analysed. Ten (10) flora species belonging<br>to 10 families were recorded. <i>Cryptosperma<br>senegalense</i> was the species with the highest richness with density value of<br>(9500±150.63st/ha) and this followed by <i>Nymphea<br>lotus</i> (6000±138.36st/ha). The least density value was associated with <i>Alchornea cordifolia</i> (300±43.54st/ha). <i>Crypstosperma senegalense</i> also had the highest<br>frequency (100%) while the least frequency value of 25% was associated with<br>species such as <i>Alchornea cordifolia</i>,<br><i>Heteranthera cordifolia</i>, <i>Lygodium sp</i>. and <i>physalis angulata</i> respectively. This study shows that water<br>properties have substantial effect on the distribution of macrophyte species<br>and that the density of each species correlated positively or negatively with<br>water parameters. The study provides a baseline information towards the<br>monitoring and management of ponds and other wetland ecosystems within the<br>State. <br></p>
Project Overview