EFFECTS OF FIELD- TRIP ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN ECOLOGY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ZARIA, NIGERIA.

• <p> TABLE OF CONTENTS&nbsp;</p><p>Title page - i</p><p>&nbsp;Declaration -ii&nbsp;</p><p>Dedication- iii&nbsp;</p><p>Certification - iv&nbsp;</p><p>Acknowledgements -v&nbsp;</p><p>Abstract - vii&nbsp;</p><p>Table of contents -=-viii&nbsp;</p><p>List of tables - xii&nbsp;</p><p>List of figures - xiv&nbsp;</p><p>List of Appendices- xv&nbsp;</p><p>Abbreviations - xvi&nbsp;</p><p>Operational Definition of terms - xvii&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• -1&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.1Introduction -1&nbsp;</p><p>1.
• 1.1Theoretical Frame work - 8&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.2Statement of the Problem - 10&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.3Objectives of the Study -12&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.4Research Questions -13&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.5Null Hypotheses - 13&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.6Significance of the Study - 13&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.7Scope of the Study -14&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.8Basic Assumptions - 14&nbsp;</p><p><b>

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• -15&nbsp;</b></p><p>
• 2.0REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE-15&nbsp;</p><p>
• 2.1Introduction - 15</p><p>&nbsp;
• 2.2Nature of Biology as Science Subject at Senior Secondary School Level -15&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 2.1Teaching Ecology Concepts at Senior Secondary Level-17&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 2.2Students Academic Achievement in Biology -19&nbsp;</p><p>
• 2.3Science Teaching Methods/Strategies -20&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 3.1Field Trip Teaching Strategy -27&nbsp;</p><p>
• 2.4Retention Ability in Science - 34&nbsp;</p><p>
• 2.5School Location and Academic Achievement in Science.-37&nbsp;</p><p>
• 2.6Overview of Similar Studies - 40&nbsp;</p><p>
• 2.7Implication of the Literature Reviewed on the Present Study-48&nbsp;</p><p><b>

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• -50</b></p><p>&nbsp;
• 3.0METHODOLOGY-50</p><p>
• 3.1Introduction -50&nbsp;</p><p>
• 3.2Research Design- 50&nbsp;</p><p>
• 3.3Population of the Study, - 51</p><p>
• 3.4Sample and Sampling Procedure -52&nbsp;</p><p>
• 3.5Instrumentation,- 53&nbsp;</p><p>3.
• 6.Validation of the Instruments - 55</p><p>&nbsp;
• 3.7Pilot Testing - 55&nbsp;</p><p>
• 3.8Reliability of the Instruments, - 56&nbsp;</p><p>
• 3.9Treatment Administration,-56&nbsp;</p><p>
• 3.10Procedure of Data Collection-62&nbsp;</p><p>
• 3.11Data Analysis -62&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• -62&nbsp;</p><p>DATA PRESENTATION, RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION-62</p><p>
• 4.1Introduction - 65</p><p>&nbsp;
• 4.2Analysis and Result Presentation- 65&nbsp;</p><p>
• 4.3Summary of Findings -70&nbsp;</p><p>
• 4.4Discussion of the Results -71&nbsp;</p><p><b>

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• -74</b></p><p>SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................74</p><p>
• 5.1Introduction-74&nbsp;</p><p>
• 5.2Summary-7</p><p>&nbsp;
• 5.3Conclusion - 75&nbsp;</p><p>
• 5.4Recommendations -77&nbsp;</p><p>
• 5.7Suggestions for Further Studies -78&nbsp;</p><p>REFERENCES - 79&nbsp;</p>