EFFECT OF STUDENTS IMPROVISED INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ACHIEVEMENT IN BIOLOGY

• <p>&nbsp;           <b>TABLE OF CONTENTS&nbsp;</b></p><p>TITLE PAGE.....................................................................................................................................i</p><p>&nbsp;CERTIFICATION............................................................................................................................. ii&nbsp;</p><p>APPROVAL PAGE ...........................................................................................................................iii&nbsp;</p><p>DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................... iv&nbsp;</p><p>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................. v&nbsp;</p><p>TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................vi&nbsp;</p><p>LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................................vii&nbsp;</p><p>ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................x&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study………….....………………………… 1&nbsp;</p><p>Statement of the Problem………………………………………….....................……………………13&nbsp;</p><p>Purpose of the Study………………………………………………………………......................…...14&nbsp;</p><p>Significance of the Study………………………………………………………….......................……14&nbsp;</p><p>Scope of the Study………………………………………………………………….......................…..16&nbsp;</p><p>Research Questions…………………………………………………………………........................….16&nbsp;</p><p>Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………………..........................…..17&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Conceptual Framework…………………………… ....18&nbsp;</p><p>Importance of Science (Biology) Teaching in School …………………………….....................…....18&nbsp;</p><p>Academic Achievements in Biology and its Impediments.........................................................…...19&nbsp;</p><p>Factors Influencing Students’ Achievement...….............................................................................. 21&nbsp;</p><p>Resources in the Teaching/Learning Process……….……………………………….....................… 22&nbsp;</p><p>Factors that Affects the Use of Instructional Materials……………………………….....................…23&nbsp;</p><p>Improvisation ………………………………………………………………………….............................24&nbsp;</p><p>Improvisation in Science, its Concept, Significant and Problem………………..……....................... 31&nbsp;</p><p>Factors to be Considered in Planning Improvisation……………………………….....................…...37 <br></p><p> Preserving Improvised Instructional Materials……………………………………….......................….42&nbsp;</p><p>Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………...............................43&nbsp;</p><p>Brunner’s Theory of Cognitive Development…………………………………….….......................….43&nbsp;</p><p>Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Learning…………………………………………….….......................…46&nbsp;</p><p>Review of Empirical Studies….……………………………………………………............................….48&nbsp;</p><p>Studies on Effects of Improvised Instructional Materials on Students’ Achievement…...................39&nbsp;</p><p>Studies on Effects of Gender and Location on Students’ Achievement…………….….....................43&nbsp;</p><p>Summary of Literature Review……………………………………………………............................….55&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH METHOD Design of the Study…………………………………….57</p><p>&nbsp;Area of the Study………………………………………………………………………..........................57&nbsp;</p><p>Population………………………………………………………………………………...........................58&nbsp;</p><p>Sample and Sampling Techniques………………………………………………….............................58&nbsp;</p><p>Instrument for Data Collection……………………………………………………….........................…58&nbsp;</p><p>Validation of the Instrument……………………………………………………………..........................59&nbsp;</p><p>Reliability of the Instrument…………………………………………………………...........................…59&nbsp;</p><p>Experimental Procedure…..............................................................................................................59&nbsp;</p><p>Control of Extraneous of Extraneous Variables……………………………………….....................…60&nbsp;</p><p>Method of Data Collection…………………………………………………………..........................…. 61&nbsp;</p><p>Method of Data Analysis…………………………………………………………….....................… 61&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• RESULTS Summary of Findings&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• DISCUSSION OF RESULTS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATION&nbsp;</p><p>Discussion&nbsp;</p><p>Conclusion&nbsp;</p><p>Educational Implications of the Study&nbsp;</p><p>Recommendations&nbsp;</p><p>Limitations of the Study&nbsp;</p><p>Suggestions for Further Study&nbsp;</p><p>Summary of the Study&nbsp;</p><p>REFERENCES 124 <br></p>