Determination of thyroid hormonal levels in hiv positive individuals in nsukka community of south eastern nigeria
Table Of Contents
Chapter ONE
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1Introduction
- 1.2Background of study
- 1.3Problem Statement
- 1.4Objective of study
- 1.5Limitation of study
- 1.6Scope of study
- 1.7Significance of study
- 1.8Structure of the research
- 1.9Definition of terms
Chapter TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1Overview of Thyroid Gland
- 2.2HIV/AIDS and its Effects on Endocrine System
- 2.3Thyroid Hormones and their Functions
- 2.4Impact of HIV on Thyroid Hormonal Levels
- 2.5Previous Studies on Thyroid Hormones in HIV Positive Individuals
- 2.6Factors Affecting Thyroid Hormone Levels in HIV/AIDS
- 2.7Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Hormones
- 2.8Treatment of Thyroid Disorders in HIV Patients
- 2.9Importance of Thyroid Hormone Balance in HIV/AIDS Management
- 2.10Gaps in Existing Literature
Chapter THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1Research Design
- 3.2Population and Sampling Techniques
- 3.3Data Collection Methods
- 3.4Variables and Measurements
- 3.5Data Analysis Plan
- 3.6Ethical Considerations
- 3.7Instrumentation and Calibration
- 3.8Data Validation and Reliability
Chapter FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
- 4.1Overview of Research Findings
- 4.2Analysis of Thyroid Hormonal Levels in HIV Positive Individuals
- 4.3Comparison with Control Group
- 4.4Correlation of Thyroid Hormones with Disease Progression
- 4.5Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Thyroid Hormonal Levels
- 4.6Factors Influencing Thyroid Hormone Imbalance in HIV Patients
- 4.7Discussion on Clinical Implications
- 4.8Recommendations for Further Research
Chapter FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- 5.1Conclusion and Summary
- 5.2Key Findings Recapitulation
- 5.3Implications for Clinical Practice
- 5.4Contributions to Existing Knowledge
- 5.5Limitations and Future Research Directions
Project Abstract
<p> </p><p>This study assessed the levels of cluster determinant 4 (CD4+) cell, total protein, triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4), of one hundred (100) subjects of which twenty-four (24) were healthy subjects which represented normal control (Group1), twenty-eight (28) were HIV-positive subjects who were on treatment with administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) as Group 2 and forty-eight (48) were HIV-positive subjects who were not on treatment with antiretroviral therapy (NART) (Group 3) and also to correlate the variation in total protein and lipid profile with the CD4+ cell count for each of the study groups. Within each of the study groups, subjects were further grouped based on age range i.e. 10-30/yrs, 31-50/yrs and 51-70/yrs irrespective of gender. Blood samples of subjects from Bishop Shanahan hospital, Nsukka were collected for this study. The CD4+ cell count, total protein, TAG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TSH and T4 of group 1 were 1144.63±46.21 cells/µL, 7.09±0.21 g/dL, 117.50±8.85 mg/dL, 193.41±24.76 mg/dL, 54.34±8.29 mg/dL, 112.76±22.08mg/dL, 0.35±0.17 µIU/ml and 14.91±2.47 ng/ml respectively; group 2 were 417.75±45.39 cells/µL, 6.99±0.12 g/dL, 130.01±9.04 mg/dL, 158.42±26.31mg/dL, 39.50±15.45 mg/dL, 96.54±29.76 mg/dL, 0.30±0.13 µIU/ml and 14.55±1.48 ng/ml respectively while those of group 3 were 409.73±28.59 cellsr/µL, 6.93±0.14 g/dL, 129.90±9.01mg/dL, 156.15±30.61 mg/dL, 41.93±16.95 mg/dL, 88.13±26.79 mg/dL, 0.32±0.19 µIU/ml and 14.39±1.97 ng/ml respectively. The CD4+ cell count were found to be significantly lower (p< 0.05) in groups 2 and 3 of patients when compared to that of uninfected healthy controls. Total protein concentration of the study groups were found to be within the normal range of 6.0 – 8.2g/dl. Furthermore, TC, HDL and LDL concentration were found to be significantly lower (p<0.05) in groups 2 and 3 irrespective of therapy except for TAG which was significantly higher (p<0.05) when compared to group 1. Also there was a weak positive correlation between CD4+ cell count and HDL-C among group 2 (ART) subjects. TSH and T4 concentrations were found to be lower in the HIV positive patients (groups 2 and 3) when compared to healthy controls (group 1). Again, concentration of TAG, TC, HDL and LDL fluctuated among the various age groups with no definite pattern. Conclusion from this study shows an alteration of lipid profile in HIV-positive patients irrespective of therapy which could be attributed to low CD4+ cell counts. It was also observed that total protein may not be useful as a marker of HIV infection since values obtained were within the normal range. Conditions of individuals with HIV infection may be attributed to hypothyroidism since TSH concentration is lower when compared to the healthy uninfected controls.</p><p><strong> </strong></p> <br><p></p>
Project Overview