Comparative properties of the methyl and ethyl esters produced from avocado (persea americana) pulp oil

 

Table Of Contents


Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1Introduction
  • 1.2Background of Study
  • 1.3Problem Statement
  • 1.4Objective of Study
  • 1.5Limitation of Study
  • 1.6Scope of Study
  • 1.7Significance of Study
  • 1.8Structure of the Research
  • 1.9Definition of Terms

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1Overview of Ester Production
  • 2.2Avocado Pulp Oil Extraction Process
  • 2.3Properties of Methyl Esters
  • 2.4Properties of Ethyl Esters
  • 2.5Comparative Analysis of Methyl and Ethyl Esters
  • 2.6Applications of Methyl Esters
  • 2.7Applications of Ethyl Esters
  • 2.8Environmental Impact of Ester Production
  • 2.9Economic Considerations
  • 2.10Future Trends in Ester Production

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • 3.1Research Design
  • 3.2Sampling Techniques
  • 3.3Data Collection Methods
  • 3.4Data Analysis Procedures
  • 3.5Ethical Considerations
  • 3.6Reliability and Validity
  • 3.7Research Limitations
  • 3.8Case Study Approach

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

  • 4.1Analysis of Extraction Process
  • 4.2Comparison of Ester Properties
  • 4.3Impact of Reaction Conditions
  • 4.4Yield and Purity Analysis
  • 4.5Environmental Sustainability Assessment
  • 4.6Economic Viability Evaluation
  • 4.7Market Potential Analysis
  • 4.8Future Research Directions

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • 5.1Summary of Findings
  • 5.2Conclusion
  • 5.3Recommendations
  • 5.4Implications for Industry
  • 5.5Contribution to Knowledge

Project Abstract

<p> Biodiesel was produced from Avocado (Persea Americana) pulp oil by trans esterification with methanol and ethanol (61 methanol/ethanol-to-oil ratio) using 0.09% sodium hydroxide as catalyst in 60 minutes reaction time. The percentage yield of the methyl ester was 78% while that of the ethyl ester yield was 66%. Avocado pulp oil (APO) biodiesel obtained in each case showed good qualities on characterization with the fuel properties showing good qualities and promising diverse applications for various purposes. The brown coloured APO methyl ester was of similar acid value (0.8) with the standard ASTM D6751, with relative density (0.86) similar with that of the standard ASTM D975 petrodiesel but with slightly higher kinematic viscosity (8.1cst) than those of petrodiesel, while the ethyl ester has a higher acid value (1.26) and the relative density was 0.01 above that of petrodiesel. The pour point of the methyl eroster (-40C) and that of the ethyl ester (-20C) were within the standards specified by ASTM D975 for petrodiesel and ASTM D6751 for biodiesel. <br></p>

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