EVALUATION OF THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS
Table Of Contents
Chapter ONE
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1Introduction
- 1.2Background of Study
- 1.3Problem Statement
- 1.4Objective of Study
- 1.5Limitation of Study
- 1.6Scope of Study
- 1.7Significance of Study
- 1.8Structure of the Research
- 1.9Definition of Terms
Chapter TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1Overview of Thyroid Dysfunction
- 2.2Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and Thyroid Dysfunction
- 2.3Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
- 2.4Impact of Thyroid Dysfunction on Type 2 Diabetes Management
- 2.5Diagnostic Tools for Thyroid Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes
- 2.6Treatment Strategies for Thyroid Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
- 2.7Complications of Untreated Thyroid Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes
- 2.8Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Managing Thyroid Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes
- 2.9Current Research Trends in Thyroid Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes
- 2.10Gaps in Literature and Future Research Directions
Chapter THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1Research Design and Methodology
- 3.2Selection of Study Participants
- 3.3Data Collection Methods
- 3.4Variables and Measurements
- 3.5Data Analysis Techniques
- 3.6Ethical Considerations
- 3.7Research Limitations
- 3.8Validity and Reliability
Chapter FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
- 4.1Overview of Research Findings
- 4.2Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants
- 4.3Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
- 4.4Impact of Thyroid Dysfunction on Glycemic Control
- 4.5Treatment Adherence among Patients with Coexisting Thyroid Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes
- 4.6Association between Thyroid Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes
- 4.7Comparison of Different Diagnostic Approaches for Thyroid Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
- 4.8Discussion on Clinical Implications and Recommendations
Chapter FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- 5.1Summary of Findings
- 5.2Conclusions
- 5.3Implications for Clinical Practice
- 5.4Recommendations for Future Research
- 5.5Final Thoughts and Closing Remarks
Project Abstract
<p> </p><p>Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Thyroid Dysfunction (TD) are the two most common endocrinopathies seen in general population. Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) is commonly associated with altered thyroid function. The aim of the research is to evaluate TD in patients with T2DM attending Endocrinology Clinic of UsmanuDanfodiyo University Teaching Hospital,Sokoto.Blood samples were collected from 80 Type 2 diabetic patients and 80 non diabetic (control) and analyze for fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycatedhemoglobin (HbA1c),thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),triiodothyrorine (T3),thyroxin (T4), cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C)and low density lipoproteins(LDL-C).The levels, of FBS, HbA1c,Cholesterol, TG and LDL-C were observed to be significantly high and the level of HDL-C was significantly low in diabetics as compared to control(non diabetic patients).The levels of T3 and T4 were significantly low while the level of TSH was significantly high in Type 2 diabetics as compared to non diabetics.Pearson correlation shows a very strong positive relationship between FBS and HbA1c and weak positive relationship between these sugars and Thyroid hormones(TSH,T3,andT4). Thyroid dysfunction may complicates metabolic control in diabetes mellitus (DM).It is therefore patients to recognize and where necessary treat thyroid dysfunction in order to stabilize metabolic control.</p><br> <br><p></p>Project Overview
<p> </p><p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) and thyroid dysfunction (TD) are the two most common endocrine disorders seen in adult population(Diezet al., 2011).The prevalence of Type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rising faster than any other form of diabetes because of increased urbanization which encourages development of obesity due to reduced physical activities, increase consumption of refined foods and snacks globally (Zimmet, 1999; Zimmetet al., 2001).Thyroid hormones, namely Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4); either or both of which may be elevated or reduced have both direct and indirect effect on blood glucose homeostasis (Udionget al.,2007).</p><p>Elevated levels of free circulating thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism) produce hyperglycemia by causing polyphagia,enhancing glucose absorption from gastro-intestinal tract, accelerating insulin degradation and stimulating glycogenolysis (Webb,2004).Reduced level of the hormones hypothyroidism may cause hypoglycemia (Webb,2004; Cooper, 2003). Hypothyroidism, the most commonly diagnosed thyroid dysfunction has greater implications for Type2 diabetic in whom there is pre-existing dyslipidemia and risk of cardiovascular disease (Cooper,2003;Rama et al; 2003; Johnson, 2006).Moreover, thyroid hormones have significant effects on the synthesis, mobilization and metabolism of lipid (Dias et al., 2011; Murray et al., 2000). </p> <br><p></p>Blazingprojects Mobile App
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