Comparative analysis of comminants ans water quality between hand dug wells and boreholes in rigasa metropolis kaduna state nigeria.

Project Abstract

Access to clean and safe drinking water is a fundamental human right essential for sustaining life and promoting public health. In many developing regions, hand dug wells and boreholes are common water sources used by communities. This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of contaminants and water quality between hand dug wells and boreholes in Rigasa Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The research methodology involved the collection of water samples from hand dug wells and boreholes in various locations within Rigasa Metropolis. Parameters such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate levels, and presence of fecal coliforms were analyzed to assess water quality. Additionally, common contaminants such as heavy metals were also measured to determine the overall safety of the water sources. The findings revealed significant differences in water quality between hand dug wells and boreholes in Rigasa Metropolis. Hand dug wells generally exhibited higher levels of turbidity, TDS, and nitrate compared to boreholes. The presence of fecal coliforms was also more prevalent in hand dug wells, indicating a higher risk of contamination from human and animal waste. Furthermore, the analysis of heavy metal contaminants showed varying concentrations in both hand dug wells and boreholes. Lead, cadmium, and arsenic levels were within permissible limits in most boreholes, while some hand dug wells showed elevated levels of these heavy metals, posing a potential health hazard to consumers. Overall, the study highlights the importance of regular monitoring and testing of water quality in hand dug wells and boreholes to ensure the safety of drinking water in Rigasa Metropolis. It also underscores the need for community awareness and government intervention to improve water sanitation practices and promote the use of safer water sources. In conclusion, this comparative analysis provides valuable insights into the quality of water from hand dug wells and boreholes in Rigasa Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. By identifying the differences in contaminants and water quality parameters, stakeholders can implement targeted strategies to enhance access to clean and safe drinking water for the local population.

Project Overview

<p> </p><p><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong></p><p><strong>Background of the study</strong></p><p>Technical and vocational education could be defined as those aspects of education process involving in addition to general education, the study of technologies and related sciences and the acquisition of practical skills, attitude, understanding and knowledge relating to occupation in various sectors of economic and social life. National policy on education (2004)</p><p>Technical vocational education is defined according to Akerele (2007) as that aspect of education that exposes the learner to the acquisition of demonstration skills that could be transformed into economic benefits and sustainable live hood. The national policy on education has placed a premium on in view of its important role in technological and industrial development of Nigeria. It is recognized as that aspect of education which leads to the acquisition of practical and applied skills as well as basic scientific knowledge (NDE 2004).</p><p>Oni (2007) described technical vocational education as that type of education which fits the individuals for gainful employment in recognized career as semi-skilled workers or technicians or sub-professionals.</p><p>According to Audu et al (2013) any form of education that is geared towards teaching technical skills and attitudes suitable to such skill can be regarded as technical vocational education.</p><p>Tilak (2002) emphasized that quality of technical vocational education is well planned and co-ordinate will guarantee student with skills, increasing production processes resulting from technological advancement, the nature of the demand for skills both in terms of quantity and quality help in promoting the need for vocational and technical education.</p><p>The board base curriculum of technical education was to offer student chances to test their abilities so that they can become self reliable choice of career.</p><p>According to national policy on education (NPE) (2004) the goals of technical and vocational education shall be to:</p><p>i. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Provide trained manpower in applied science, technology and business particularly at craft, advanced craft and technical levels</p><p>ii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Provide technical knowledge and vocational skills for agricultural commercial and economic development.</p><p>iii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Give training and impact the necessary skills to individual who shall be self reliant economically</p><p>Electrical is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity electronics and electromagnetism.</p><p>Electrical/electronics is a branch of engineering concerned with the practical applications of electricity and with devices which the motion of electron and all charged particle is controlled, although electrical phenomena had attracted notice as early as 17th century, it was not until the 19th century that studies were made to develop the stand and of electricity into discipline of study electrical/electronics is one the subject that make up the technical subject in curriculum of technical education, electrical/electronics causes included electronics, digital computers, power electricity, telecommunication, control systems, radio-frequency, signal processing, instrumentation and micro electronics e.t.c they are offered at senior secondary/technical schools level so as to prepare the recipient for education that is both practical/functional application base electrical/electronics play a vital role in the development of many nation the importance of electrical/electronics in our national development either socially economically, technologically and otherwise cannot be over emphasis, hence the teaching of these subject is paramount importance to the nation building.</p><p>Teacher play very important role in the development of the nation to achieved its desire goals and objectives.</p><p>Teacher is the one that impact knowledge instruct and causes the learners student to understand the message pass to their them in either classroom, workshop or any situated environment conducive for learning.</p><p>Therefore, teachers deserve some qualities that make him greater, good and professional such qualities are:</p><p>i. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Mastery of the subject matter</p><p>ii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Known the method suitable for teaching and learners</p><p>iii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Clear objectives for lessons</p><p>Electrical/ electronics teachers in not exempted from the generalities of that, therefore, electrical/electronics teachers are expected to observe these qualities of a good teacher so as to be able to deliver their duties successfully in the field.</p><p>The national policy of education NPE (2004) acknowledges that no education and system can be better than the teachers who operate it. Therefore to have good quality education the person operating it must be well trained and be provided with needed materials to be able to impart the desired knowledge to the learners.</p><p>The quality of vocational and technical education depends on upon the teachers and method of administration. Musa (2007)</p><p>Musa (2007) asserted that most or all technical courses offered in technical schools are ideally supposed to carry out 60% practical. The reversed is the case as most of these courses are thought theoretically thereby compounding the problem of ineffectiveness in teaching of these courses.</p><p>Bature (2004) remarked that as technical teachers one need to posses the skills of teaching above that or the students who he teaches should continue to update his teaching competently often in area of training needs which may include manipulative and technical skills, teaching method, classroom workshop management evaluation techniques guidance role, human relation and of cause in some area or professional training. He added that because of the enormity of the work being carried out by technical teachers there is need for them to meet with both present and future changes and also to keep update of event happening in teaching career.</p><p>According to Isyaku (2004) the electrical electronics teachers are required to be well skilled in their trade but without that maximum result cannot be achieved.</p><p>The manpower requirement is very important in teaching electrical electronics because if there is no highly trained manpower that win be no any effective teaching and learning process. Teaching and learning lay on the hand of the teacher Bature (2004)</p><p><strong>Statement of the problem </strong></p><p>However, due to the lack of training and retraining, workshops facilities and materials as well as obsolete equipment in most of technical colleges in katsina zone, teachers of electrical electronics. Technology found it difficult to actualized the objective of technical education as profound by the national policy of education. These contribute to the failure of the student in the basic electrical/electronics courses.</p><p><strong>Purpose of the study</strong></p><p>The purpose of this study is to find out factors that will enhance the skills improvement needs of electrical/electronics technology teachers in technical college in katsina zone particularly the study is ought to focus on the following</p><p>i. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Determine the quality of electrical/electronics technology teachers</p><p>ii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Determine the availability of electrical/electronics practical materials</p><p>iii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Determine the conditions and effectiveness of electrical/electronics workshop in the technical colleges.</p><p><strong>Significance of the study</strong></p><p>The finding of the study will be of useful and benefit to the teachers and administration of technical colleges in katsina.</p><p>It will also be of benefit to federal, state and local government for them to provide necessary facilities, materials, equipment, manpower and conducive environment for both the teachers and students in technical colleges.</p><p>It will also be of benefit to non government organization so as to assist the students/teachers with necessary facilities and equipment for teaching and learning of course.</p><p><strong>Research questions</strong></p><p>The following research question will be formulated to guide the researchers for the study</p><p>i. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; What are the qualities of electrical/electronics technology teachers?</p><p>ii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; What are the support by the ministry of education, science and technical board in improving the teaching/learning of electrical/electronic technology?</p><p>iii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; What are the quality and quantities of electrical/electronic technology workshops, materials, tools, and equipment in the technical colleges?</p><p><strong>Scope and delimitation of study</strong></p><p>The study will be delimited to the skills improvement needs of electrical/electronics technology teachers in technical colleges in katsina zone namely.</p><p>i. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Government technical college katsina</p><p>ii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Government technical college ingawa</p><p>iii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Government technical college mashi</p> <br><p></p>