What chapters are covered in this Agriculture and forestry project?

Cover page i Certification ii Dedication iii Acknowledgment iv Table of Content v Abstract vi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 The objective of the study 3 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Origins and Distributions of Rubber 4 2.2 Varieties of Rubber 4 2.3 Uses of Rubber 5 2.4 Climatic Requirement 5 2.5 Soil Req

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Agriculture and forestry

Characterization of some rubber growing soils

Characterization of some rubber growing soils

Cover page i Certification ii Dedication iii Acknowledgment iv Table of Content v Abstract vi

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the study 1
1.2The objective of the study 3

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Origins and Distributions of Rubber 4
2.2Varieties of Rubber 4
2.3Uses of Rubber 5
2.4Climatic Requirement 5
2.5Soil Requirements 6
2.6Agronomic Practices 7
2.7Propagation Methods 8
2.8Maintenances of Rubber 9 2.
8.1Weeding 9 2.
8.2Establishment and maintenances of Ground Cover 9 2.
8.3Watering/irrigation 10 2.
8.4Harvesting and Processing of Rubber 10 2.
8.5Rubber Tapping System 11 2.
8.6Processing of Rubber 12 2.
8.7Pests and Diseases of Rubber 12

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1Description of the Study Area 14
3.2Field Study/Sample Collections 15
3.3Laboratory Methods 16
3.4Analytical Procedures 17 3.
4.1Particles size distribution 17 3.
4.2Soil pH (Electrometric Method) 19 3.
4.3Soil Organic Matter (Walkley Black Wet Oxidation Method) 19 3.
4.4Total Nitrogen (Kjeldahl Procedure) 20 3.
4.5Available Phosphorus 21 3.
4.6Exchangeable Bases 21 3.
4.7Exchange Acidity 22 3.
4.8Cation Exchange Capacity 22 3.
4.9Percentage Base Saturation 22

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1Morphological Properties 23
4.2Particles Size Distribution 24
4.3Chemical Properties 30

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1Summary 40
5.2Conclusion 41
5.3Recommendation 41 References 42

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 … 1.2 … The Objective of the Study The objective of the study include: The characterize the soil in relation to their morphological, physical and chemical properties.

Project Abstract

A study was carried out in the Rubber growing soils of Utagba-ogbe in Ndokwa-West Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. The aim was to characterize the soil in respect of their morphological, physical and chemical properties. Six mapping units were mapped out, and 4 profile pits dug in each of them in order to characterize the soils. Soil samples were also collected from the soil profile horizons and analyzed for their particle size distribution and chemical properties. The chemical properties evaluated were the soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, exchange acidity and cation exchange capacity. The morphological properties were also examined and described. These include soil colour, mottle, texture, structure, consistence and horizon boundary. Results of the study showed that the soils irrespective of pedons were deep, non-mottled with varied textures. The structure ranged angular blocky, to sub–angular blocky. The consistence ranged from friable, slight plastic to very plastic in the subsoil horizons. The boundary descriptions were clear, smooth, diffuse, and wavy boundary. The physical characteristics showed that the soils were sandy loam at the surface to sandy clay loam and clay loam in the sub-soil horizons. The soils were generally acidic 5.5 – 6.5, high in organic matter content, total nitrogen, but low to moderate in phosphorus, basic cations, CEC and base saturation. The results showed that the rubber growing soils were moderate in fertility. In order to sustain rubber production for a long time, regular fertilization and liming should be carried out to maintain rubber production in the soil.

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