A STUDY OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME DETERMINANTS AND INCOME INEQUALITY

• <p>             <b>TABLE OF CONTENTS&nbsp;</b></p><p> LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................... vi&nbsp;</p><p>LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• </p><p>
• 1.BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON MALIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOMES AND MOTIVATION FOR THIS STUDY............................................................................................................................................................. 1&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.1Purpose of Study and Research Questions.........................................................-................... 4&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.2Previous Studies on Household Incomes in Mali .................................................................................. 5&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.3Limitations of the Previous Studies on Malian Household Incomes........................................................ 7&nbsp;</p><p>
• 1.4Structure of Thesis.................................................................................................................................. 10&nbsp;</p><p>
• 2.LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 11&nbsp;</p><p>
• 2.1Household Income Portfolios and Livelihood Diversification ................................................................. 11&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;
• 2.1Common Income Sources..................................................................................................................... 11&nbsp;</p><p>2.1.
• 1.2Non-farm Income ............................................................................................................................. 12&nbsp;</p><p>2.1.
• 1.3Migration Remittance Income ......................................................................................................... 13&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 1.2Relationship between Farm and Nonfarm Activities............................................................................ 13&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 1.3Reasons for Livelihood Diversification ................................................................................................ 16</p><p>&nbsp;2.1.
• 3.1Risk Reduction................................................................................................................................ 16&nbsp;</p><p>2.1.
• 3.2Coping after a Shock....................................................................................................................... 17&nbsp;</p><p>2.1.
• 3.3Seasonality ..................................................................................................................................... 17&nbsp;</p><p>2.1.
• 3.4Credit Market Failures...................................................................................................................... 17&nbsp;</p><p>2.1.
• 3.5Asset Strategies.............................................................................................................................. 18&nbsp;</p><p>2.1.
• 3.6Returns from Income Activities....................................................................................................... 18</p><p>&nbsp;2.
• 1.4Determinants of Household Income .................................................................................................. 19&nbsp;</p><p>
• 2.2Income Inequality ..................................................................................................................................... 21&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 2.1National-Level Income Inequality ............................................................................................................ 21</p><p>&nbsp;2.
• 2.2Community-Level Income Inequality in Rural Areas ......................................................................... 23&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 2.3The Relationship between Income Sources and Community-Level Inequality.............................. 23&nbsp;</p><p>2.2.
• 3.1Crop Income.............................................................................................................................. 23&nbsp;</p><p>2.2.
• 3.2Nonfarm Income .................................................................................................. 25&nbsp;</p><p>2.2.
• 3.3Livestock Income................................................................................................. 26&nbsp;</p><p>2.2.
• 3.4Migration Remittance Income ............................................................................. 27&nbsp;</p><p><b>

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• </b><br></p><p>
• 3.DATA AND INCOME DEFINITIONS ................................................................................... 28&nbsp;</p><p>
• 3.1Definition of Household .................................................................................................... 37&nbsp;</p><p>
• 3.2Definitions of Income and Income Categories .................................................................. 37&nbsp;</p><p>
• 3.3Basic Characteristics of the Surveyed Households............................................................ 39</p><p>&nbsp;
• 3.4External Events in the Koutiala and Tominian Zones that may have Impacted Household Income Portfolios...................................................................................................................... 42</p><p><b>

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

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• 4.HOUSEHOLD INCOME PROFILES FOR TOMINIAN AND KOUTIALA........................ 43&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;
• 4.1Methodology...................................................................................................................... 43&nbsp;</p><p>
• 4.2Average Total per Capital Income Levels .......................................................................... 44&nbsp;</p><p>
• 4.3Household Income by Source ............................................................................................. 46&nbsp;</p><p>
• 4.4Distribution of Income Across Household Types.............................................................. 53&nbsp;</p><p>4.
• 4.1Distribution of Income Across Income Quartiles........................................................ 53&nbsp;</p><p>4.
• 4.2Distribution of Income Across Landholding Quartiles................................................ 56&nbsp;</p><p>4.
• 4.3Distribution of Income between Households Above and Below the $1/Day/Capital Poverty Line.......................................................................................................................... 59&nbsp;</p><p>
• 4.5Discussion of the Descriptive Statistics Analysis of Household Income Portfolios in the Tominian and Koutiala Zones................................................................................................... 61&nbsp;</p><p><b>

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• </b><br></p><p>
• 5.DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME.................................................................. 63</p><p>&nbsp;
• 5.1Methodology...................................................................................................................... 63&nbsp;</p><p>
• 5.2Factors Correlated with a Higher Probability of Participation and Higher Income Levels Earned from Livestock, Nonfarm, and Cropping Income Activities........................................ 72&nbsp;</p><p>5.
• 2.1Livestock Income......................................................................................................... 73&nbsp;</p><p>5.
• 2.2Nonfarm Income .......................................................................................................... 77&nbsp;</p><p>5.
• 2.3Crop Income................................................................................................................. 81&nbsp;</p><p>
• 5.3Discussion of the Results from the Econometric Analysis of Household Income Determinants in the Tominian and Koutiala Zones.................................................................. 83&nbsp;</p><p><b>CHAPTER SIX</b><br></p><p>
• 6.COMMUNITY INCOME INEQUALITY AND INCOME SOURCES................................. 86&nbsp;</p><p>
• 6.1Methodology...................................................................................................................... 86&nbsp;</p><p>
• 6.2Results................................................................................................................................ 90&nbsp;</p><p>
• 6.3Discussion of the Gini Decomposition Results ................................................................. 96&nbsp;</p><p><b>CHAPTER SEVEN</b><br></p><p>
• 7.CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................... 98&nbsp;</p><p>
• 7.1Limitations of this Study.................................................................................................. 101&nbsp;</p><p>
• 7.2Future Research ................................................................................................................ 102&nbsp;</p><p>APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 103</p><p>&nbsp;Appendix A: Method for Calculating Households Living Above and Below the $1/day Poverty Line ......................................................................................................................................... 104</p><p>&nbsp;Appendix B: Real per Capital Income from Various Sources, Including F-Tests to Determine Statistical Significance of the Income Differences found between Survey Years (in 2010 Franc CFA) ....................................................................................................................................... 106</p><p>&nbsp;Appendix C: Real per Capital Income from Various Sources, Including T-Tests to Determine Statistical Significance of the Income Differences found between Zones (in 2010 Franc CFA) ................................................................................................................................................. 107&nbsp;</p><p>Appendix D: Average Share of Household Income from Various Sources, Including F-Tests to Determine Statistical Significance of the Income Differences Found Between Survey Years ................................................................................................................................................. 108</p><p>Appendix E: Average Share of Household Income from Various Sources, Including T- Tests to Determine Statistical Significance of the Income Differences found between Zones ....... 109&nbsp;</p><p>BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................... 110&nbsp;</p>