Comparative evaluation of grass, legume and their mixture with brewers' spent grains fed to west african dwarf rams

• Title page – – – – – – – – – i Certification – – – – – – – – – ii Dedication – – – – – – – – – iii Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – iv Abstract – – – – – – – – – vi Table of Contents – – – – – – – – vii List of Tables – – – – – – – – – x

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• 1.1Background of the Study – – – – – – – 1
• 1.2Statement of Problem – – – – – – – 2
• 1.3Objectives of the Study – – – – – – – 3
• 1.4Justification of the Study – – – – – – – 3

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• 2.1General Description of Sheep – – – – – – 4
• 2.2Taxonomy of Sheep – – – – – – – 5
• 2.3Sheep Production Statistics – – – – – – 5
• 2.4Characteristics/Importance of Sheep – – – – – 7 2.
• 4.1Small Size – – – – – – – – 7 2.
• 4.2Reproductive efficiency – – – – – – – 8 2.
• 4.3Feeding behavior – – – – – – – 8 2.
• 4.4Feed Utilization Efficiency – – – – – – 9 2.
• 4.5Fitness – – – – – – – – – 10 2.
• 4.6Socio-economic – – – – – – – – 10
• 2.5Nutrient Requirements of Sheep – – – – – – 11
• 2.6Factors Affecting Nutrient Requirements- – – – 14
• 2.7Constraints and Possible Remedies to Sheep Production- – – 16 2.
• 7.1Major constraints to ruminant production (Sheep Production) – – 16 2.
• 7.2Remedies to Sheep production constraints – – – – 17
• 2.8Digestibility- – – – – – – – – 17 2.
• 8.1Digestibility of mixed forages with BSG – – – – 18 2.
• 8.2Digestibility of grasses mixed with Gliricidia sepium – – -19
• 2.9Estimating Digestibility of Fibre – – – – – – 19 2.
• 9.1Factors affecting fibre digestibility – – – – – – 20
• 2.10Forages – – – – – – – – – 22 2.
• 10.1Grass forage – – – – – – – – 23 2.10.
• 1.1Guinea grass – – – – – – – – 23 2.10.
• 1.2Nutritional qualities of guinea grass- – – – – 24 2.
• 10.2Forage legumes – – – – – – – 25 2.10.
• 2.1Gliricidia sepium – – – – – – -27
• 2.11Brewer’ Spent Grains (BSG) – – – – – – 28 2.
• 11.1Future Perspective of Brewers Spent Grains – – – – 29 2.
• 11.2Chemical Composition of Brewers’ Spent Grain – – – 29

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• MATERIALS AND METHODS
• 3.1Experimental site – – – – – – – – 32
• 3.2Experimental animals – – – – – – – 32
• 3.3Experimental treatments – – – – – – – 32
• 3.4Data collection – – – – – – – – 33
• 3.5Experimental design – – – – – – – 34

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• 4.1Proximate Composition (% DM) of Forages and BSG – – 35
• 4.2Proximate Composition (% DM) of Faeces – – – – 37 4.3Voluntary and Nutrient Intake of WAD sheep Fed P. maximum, Gliricidia and BSG- – – – – – 38
• 4.4Digestibility of WAD Rams fed P. maximum, Gliricidia sepium and BSG – – – – – – – 41 4.5Nitrogen Balance of WAD rams fed P. maximum, Gliricidia sepium and Brewers’ Spent Grains. – – – 42

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• AND RECOMMENDATION
• 5.1Conclusion – – – – – – – – 44
• 5.3Recommendation – – – – – – – 44 References Appendix LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Experimental Layout – – – – – 34 Table 2Proximate Composition (% DM) of Forages and BSG- 36 Table 3 Proximate Composition (% DM) of Faeces – – 38 Table 4Voluntary and Nutrient Intake of WAD Sheep Fed P. maximum, Gliricidia and BSG – – – 39 Table 5Digestibility of WAD Rams Fed P. maximum, Gliricidia sepium and BSG – – – – 42 Table 6 Nitrogen Balance of WAD Rams fed P. maximum, Gliricidia sepium and Brewers’ Spent Grains – – – – – – 43