DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR DRYER FOR DRYING FRUIT

• <p>&nbsp;           <b>TABLE OF CONTENTS&nbsp;</b></p><p>Title Page .................................................................................................................................. i&nbsp;</p><p>Declaration................................................................................................................................ ii&nbsp;</p><p>Acknowledgment ...................................................................................................................iii&nbsp;</p><p>Abstract.................................................................................................................................... iv&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;List of Tables ..……………………………………..…………………………………………x&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;List of Figures ..……………….…………………………………………..…………………xi&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• ................................................................................... 1&nbsp;</p><p>1.
• 1.Background ....................................................................................................................... 1&nbsp;</p><p>1.
• 2.Problem Statement ............................................................................................................ 2&nbsp;</p><p>1.
• 3.Justification ....................................................................................................................... 3&nbsp;</p><p>1.
• 4.Research Objectives .......................................................................................................... 3&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;1.4.1.Specific Objectives ....................................................................................................... 4&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• ...................................................................... 5&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 1.Sun Drying......................................................................................................................... 6&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 2.Solar Drying....................................................................................................................... 7&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 3.Types of Solar Dryers........................................................................................................ 8&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;2.3.
• 1.Direct Solar Dryers...................................................................................................... 8&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;2.3.
• 2.Indirect Solar Dryers.................................................................................................. 14&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;2.3.
• 3.Mixed Mode Solar Dryers ......................................................................................... 17&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 4.Hybrid Solar Dryers......................................................................................................... 21&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 5.Solar Dryers with Concentrators...................................................................................... 23&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 6.Materials Used for Constructing Solar Dryers................................................................. 26 <br></p><p>&nbsp;2.
• 7.Gaps Identified in the Review.......................................................................................... 30&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 8.Components of Solar Dryers............................................................................................ 32&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;2.8.
• 1.Solar Collector ........................................................................................................... 32&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;2.8.
• 2.Drying Chamber........................................................................................................ 33&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;2.8.
• 3.Chimney.................................................................................................................... 34&nbsp;</p><p>2.
• 9.Performance Evaluation of Dryers................................................................................... 34&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;2.9.
• 1.Collector Efficiency................................................................................................... 34&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;2.9.
• 2.Drying Efficiency....................................................................................................... 35&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;2.9.
• 3.Drying Rate................................................................................................................ 35&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;2.9.
• 4.Moisture Content ....................................................................................................... 36&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................... 37&nbsp;</p><p>3.
• 1.Design Procedure ............................................................................................................. 37&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.1.
• 1.Drying Temperature................................................................................................... 37&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.1.
• 2.Amount of Moisture to be Removed ......................................................................... 38&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.1.
• 3.Heat Energy Required to Remove Water................................................................... 38&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.1.
• 4.Sizing the Collector.................................................................................................... 40&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.1.
• 5.Collector Orientation and Tilt Angle ......................................................................... 41&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.1.
• 6.Air Flow Requirement ............................................................................................... 41&nbsp;</p><p>3.
• 2.Construction of the Solar Dryer....................................................................................... 42&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.2.
• 1.Collector..................................................................................................................... 42&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.2.
• 2.Drying Chamber......................................................................................................... 43&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.2.
• 3.Chimney..................................................................................................................... 43&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.2.
• 4.Backup Heater............................................................................................................ 44&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.2.
• 5.Drawing of the Dryer................................................................................................. 44</p><p> ii 3.2.
• 6.Cost of Dryer.............................................................................................................. 47&nbsp;</p><p>3.
• 3.Experimental Procedures and Dryer Evaluation.............................................................. 48&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.3.
• 1.Material Preparation for Drying............................................................................... 48&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.3.
• 2.Instruments Used for Data Collection...................................................................... 48&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.3.
• 3.Dryer Evaluation Tests .............................................................................................. 49&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.3.3.
• 1.No Load Test......................................................................................................... 49&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.3.3.
• 2.Solar Drying Test.................................................................................................. 50&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.3.3.
• 3.Solar Drying in Hybrid Mode Test: Backup Heater used only in the Evening .... 51&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;3.3.3.
• 4.Solar Drying in Hybrid Mode Test: Backup Heater used during Day Time and in the Evening ........................................................................................................................... .............................51&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................... 52&nbsp;</p><p>4.
• 1.No Load Test.................................................................................................................... 52&nbsp;</p><p>4.
• 2.Solar Drying Test............................................................................................................. 54&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;4.
• 3.Solar Drying in Hybrid Mode: Backup Heater used only in the Evening ....................... 58&nbsp;</p><p>4.
• 4.Solar Drying in Hybrid Mode: Backup Heater used During Day Time and in the Evening ............................................................................................................................. 63&nbsp;</p><p>4.
• 5.Drying Rate...................................................................................................................... 67&nbsp;</p><p>4.
• 6.Collector Efficiency and Drying Efficiency .................................................................... 68&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................... 71&nbsp;</p><p>5.
• 1.Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 71&nbsp;</p><p>5.
• 2.Recommendations............................................................................................................ 72&nbsp;</p><p>REFERENCES...................................................................................................................... 73&nbsp;</p><p>APPENDIX 1: Sample Analysis of Moisture Content .......................................................... 80&nbsp;</p><p>APPENDIX 2: Typical Temperature and Humidity Variation with time During No-Load Test.................................................................................................................................... 84&nbsp;</p><p>APPENDIX 3: Solar Insulation, W/m2 (Solar Lab, KNUST)............................................... 85 A</p><p>PPENDIX 4: Chemical Composition of Fresh pineapple and mango ................................ 86</p><p>&nbsp;APPENDIX 5: Gyapa stove Sizes, Dimensions and Applications....................................... 87&nbsp;</p><p>APPENDIX 6: Cost of the Solar Dryer ................................................................................. 88 &nbsp; &nbsp; <br></p>