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Biochemical characterization of toxic constituents of seed extract of azadirachta indica a. juss

 

Table Of Contents


Chapter ONE

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of Study
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objective of Study
1.5 Limitation of Study
1.6 Scope of Study
1.7 Significance of Study
1.8 Structure of the Research
1.9 Definition of Terms

Chapter TWO

2.1 Overview of Azadirachta Indica (Neem)
2.2 Chemical Composition of Neem Seeds
2.3 Toxic Constituents in Neem Seeds
2.4 Biochemical Properties of Neem Seed Extract
2.5 Previous Studies on Neem Seed Toxicity
2.6 Health Effects of Neem Seed Toxicants
2.7 Environmental Impact of Neem Seed Extracts
2.8 Applications of Neem Seed Extracts
2.9 Alternative Uses of Neem Seeds
2.10 Summary of Literature Review

Chapter THREE

3.1 Research Design and Methodology
3.2 Selection of Neem Seeds Samples
3.3 Extraction and Purification Techniques
3.4 Identification of Toxic Components
3.5 Biochemical Analysis Methods
3.6 Data Collection Procedures
3.7 Statistical Analysis Methods
3.8 Ethical Considerations in Research

Chapter FOUR

4.1 Analysis of Toxic Components in Neem Seeds
4.2 Biochemical Characterization of Neem Seed Extract
4.3 Comparison with Existing Studies
4.4 Interpretation of Research Findings
4.5 Discussion on Health Implications
4.6 Environmental Impact Assessment
4.7 Recommendations for Future Research
4.8 Implications for Practical Applications

Chapter FIVE

5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Contributions to Knowledge
5.4 Practical Implications
5.5 Recommendations for Policy
5.6 Areas for Future Research
5.7 Conclusion and Final Remarks

Project Abstract

The toxic constituents of seed extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss were isolated and biochemically characterised to elucidate the spectrum of toxicity. The constituents were isolated using toxicity-guided technique. Acute toxicity test established an oral LD50 >5 g/kg in mice. Chronic oral administration of the extracts and fractions significantly (P<0.05) increased the activities of ALP, AST and ALT. The methanol extract (ME) did not cause any significant change in bilirubin concentration. Lower doses (100 and 500 mg/kg) of the extract reduced urea levels whereas higher doses of both extract and fractions caused significant (P<0.05) increase in urea levels. The crude extract and fractions lowered fasting blood sugar and cholesterol concentrations in normal treated rats. The ME caused significant (P<0.05) increase in Na+ concentration and reduction in K+ concentration whereas the concentrations of HCO3- and Cl- remained unchanged throughout the experimental period. The ME also reduced neutrophil count and caused significant (P<0.05) increase in Hb concentration, PCV percentage and lymphocyte count. Lower doses of ME increased platelet count whereas higher doses caused a reduction. With the exception of TN-1 and TN-2, the extract and other fractions significantly (P<0.05) increased the body and organ weights of treated rats. Tissue sections from the liver of ME-treated rats showed uniformly edematous and hepatocyte necrosis with steatosis and portal tract inflammation. Kidney tissues showed edematous necrotic tubules with destruction of basement membrane. Comparison of the magnitude of liver toxicity showed that TN-2 was more toxic than TN-1. TN-1 caused extensive areas of liver cell edema while TN-2 caused hepatic necrosis with extensive severe changes. Structure elucidation revealed TN-1 and TN-2 to be 6-deacetylnimbin and nimbolide respectively.

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