Home / Biochemistry / Ameliorating role of n.p.k. fertilizer on the toxic effects of ni on (sorghum) root antioxidant enzymes

Ameliorating role of n.p.k. fertilizer on the toxic effects of ni on (sorghum) root antioxidant enzymes

 

Table Of Contents


Title Page                                                                       Certification                                                                 Dedication                                                                     Acknowledgement                                                         Table of Contents                                                           Abstract                                                                  

Chapter ONE

  1. Introduction and Literature Review                        

1.1   Introduction                                                          

    1. Literature Review                                                    
      1. Definition of heavy metals                                            
      2. Characteristics of Nickel                                        
      3. Nickel in the environment                                        
      4. Biological roles of nickel                                      
      5. Absorption of nickel by plant                                
      6. Accumulation of Nickel in plants                            
      7. Nickel and photosynthesis                                    
      8. Effects of nickel on plant respiration                              
      9. Metabolic effects of nickel                                              
      10. Effects of nickel on enzyme activity                
      11. Mechanism of nickel toxicity                          
      12. Strategies of plant tolerance to nickel toxicity
      13. Management of nickel toxicity                        
        1. Land management procedure                        

1.2.13.2   Phytoremediation                                             1.2.14     The use of micro-organisms to mitigate nickel toxicity                                                           22

    1. Scientific classification of Sorghum                    
    2. Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of

Sorghum                                                                 25 1.5   Classification of sorghum                                               28 1.6   Uses of Sorghum                                                     29 1.7   Germination / Growth Stages of Sorghum                       32 1.7.1 Growth Stages                                                               32 1.72 Nutrient Uptake                                                       36 1.8   Diseases of Grain Sorghum                                     37 1.9   Activities that induce Germination                         38 1.10 Metabolism of Germinating Seeds                           40 1.11 NPK (15-15-15) Fertilizer                                         41 1.11.1Catalase                                                                 44 1.12 History of Catalase                                                   45 1.12.1 Activities of Catalase                                           46 1.12.2 Molecular mechanism of catalase action                     47 1.13 Superoxide Dismatase                                             48 1.13.1Types of Superoxide Dismutase                             49 1.13.2 Physiological Importance of Superoxide Dismutase     51 1.13.3 Use of Superoxide Dismutase in Cosmetic           52 1.14 Peroxidase                                                               52 1.14.1 Isozymes of Glutathione Peroxidase                     53 1.15 Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species           53 1.16 Objective of the Study                                             56

Chapter TWO

  1. Materials and Method                                             55

2.1   Materials                                                                 55 2.1.1       Contaminant                                                           55

      1. Fertilizer                                                                 55
      2. Quantity of soil used                                                       55
      3. Source of Soil                                                         55
      4. Source of Soybean seed used                                   56
      5. Instruments/Apparatus used                                 56
      6. Reagents used for the study                                     57
    1. Methods                                                                   59
      1. Preparation of Soil                                                   59
      2. Contamination of Soil                                             59
      3. Viability test of Seeds                                               59
      4. Experimental design                                                       59
      5. Biochemical analysis                                                       62
        1. Estimation of total protein                                   61
        2. Estimation of malondialdehyde level                   64
        3. Estimation of Superoxide Dismutase activity               66
        4. Estimation of Catalase activity                             68
        5. Estimation of peroxidase activity                         70

2.2.6         Statistical Analysis                                                       72

Chapter THREE

  1. Results                                                                   73

3.1   Soil Analysis                                                           78

Chapter FOUR

  1. Discussion and Conclusion                                     79

Bibliography                                                                   83 Appendix One: Reagents Preparation                                       97


Thesis Abstract

Abstract
Sorghum plants were exposed to toxic levels of nickel (Ni) to investigate the impact of N.P.K. fertilizer on the antioxidant enzyme activities in the roots. Nickel toxicity is known to induce oxidative stress in plants by disrupting the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defense mechanisms. In this study, the ameliorating role of N.P.K. fertilizer in alleviating the toxic effects of Ni on sorghum root antioxidant enzymes was examined. Results showed that Ni exposure led to a significant increase in ROS levels in the sorghum roots, indicating oxidative stress. This was accompanied by a decrease in the activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). The reduced activities of these enzymes suggested impaired antioxidant defense mechanisms in the presence of Ni toxicity. However, when sorghum plants were treated with N.P.K. fertilizer along with Ni, a notable improvement in the activities of SOD, CAT, and POD was observed. The N.P.K. fertilizer appeared to mitigate the toxic effects of Ni by enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities in the roots. This enhancement could be attributed to the role of N.P.K. in providing essential nutrients that are crucial for the synthesis and functioning of antioxidant enzymes. Overall, the results indicate that N.P.K. fertilizer plays a significant ameliorating role in counteracting the toxic effects of Ni on sorghum root antioxidant enzymes. By enhancing the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, N.P.K. fertilizer helps in maintaining redox homeostasis and protecting the plants from oxidative damage induced by Ni toxicity. This study highlights the importance of nutrient management in mitigating the detrimental effects of heavy metal stress on plant antioxidant defense systems. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms through which N.P.K. fertilizer modulates antioxidant enzyme activities in response to Ni toxicity. Understanding these mechanisms will not only contribute to improving our knowledge of plant stress responses but also aid in the development of sustainable agricultural practices aimed at enhancing plant resilience to environmental stressors.

Thesis Overview

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