1. Introduction
  1.1 Background and significance
  1.2 Objectives of the study
2. DNA damage and repair mechanisms
  2.1 Types of DNA damage
  2.2 DNA repair pathways
3. Role of DNA damage in cardiovascular diseases
  3.1 DNA damage markers in cardiovascular diseases
  3.2 Impact of DNA damage on cardiovascular cells
4. DNA repair pathways in cardiovascular diseases
  4.1 Base excision repair
  4.2 Nucleotide excision repair
  4.3 Homologous recombination
  4.4 Non-homologous end joining
5. Experimental methods
  5.1 Cell culture and treatment
  5.2 DNA damage assessment techniques
  5.3 DNA repair assays