1. Introduction
  1.1 Background and significance
  1.2 Objectives of the study
2. Biochemical Principles of Sanger Sequencing
  2.1 Chain termination method
  2.2 DNA polymerase and dideoxynucleotides
  2.3 Gel electrophoresis and signal detection
3. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Technologies
  3.1 Overview of NGS platforms
  3.2 Library preparation and DNA fragmentation
  3.3 Sequencing by synthesis and signal detection
4. Biochemical Innovations in Sequencing Technologies
  4.1 Single-molecule sequencing methods
  4.2 Nanopore sequencing and protein nanopores
  4.3 Third-generation sequencing technologies
5. Data Analysis and Bioinformatics in DNA Sequencing
  5.1 Base calling and quality control
  5.2 Read alignment and variant calling
  5.3 Bioinformatics tools for sequence analysis