1. Introduction
  1.1 Background
  1.2 Objectives
2. Biochemical Changes during Aging
  2.1 DNA Damage and Repair
  2.2 Protein Modifications and Aggregation
  2.3 Lipid Metabolism and Aging
  2.4 Cellular Metabolism and Aging
3. Oxidative Stress and Aging
  3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
  3.2 Antioxidant Defense Systems
  3.3 Oxidative Damage and Aging
4. Inflammation and Aging
  4.1 Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation
  4.2 Inflammatory Signaling Pathways
  4.3 Inflammaging: Inflammation and Aging
5. Cellular Senescence and Aging
  5.1 Senescence-associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP)
  5.2 Telomere Shortening and Senescence
  5.3 Senescence and Age-Related Diseases