Project Abstract

Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding is crucial for the health and development of infants, yet many mothers face challenges in initiating and sustaining this practice. This study aimed to explore the effect of a nursing-based intervention on exclusive breastfeeding practices among pregnant women attending two primary health care centers. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test assessments to evaluate the impact of the intervention. A total of 200 pregnant women were recruited from the two primary health care centers, with 100 participants in the intervention group and 100 in the control group. The nursing-based intervention included individual counseling sessions, group education sessions, and continuous support from nurses throughout the breastfeeding journey. The control group received standard care provided at the health care centers. Data was collected using structured questionnaires that assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to exclusive breastfeeding at baseline and after the intervention. The results were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests to determine the effectiveness of the nursing-based intervention. The findings revealed a significant improvement in exclusive breastfeeding practices among the intervention group compared to the control group. Women who received the nursing-based intervention reported higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding initiation and continuation at both one month and six months postpartum. The intervention also had a positive impact on maternal knowledge and attitudes towards exclusive breastfeeding. The study highlights the importance of nursing-based interventions in promoting exclusive breastfeeding practices among pregnant women. The personalized approach of the intervention, which included individual counseling and continuous support, was effective in overcoming barriers and misconceptions associated with breastfeeding. Nurses played a key role in educating and empowering women to make informed decisions about breastfeeding. In conclusion, the findings of this study support the implementation of nursing-based interventions in primary health care settings to promote exclusive breastfeeding practices. By providing targeted support and education, nurses can help pregnant women overcome challenges and successfully establish exclusive breastfeeding. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of such interventions on maternal and child health outcomes.

Project Overview

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background to the Study

Healthcare waste threatens the public health due to its contagious nature. Most healthcare facilities are located in the heart of the cities and therefore, healthcare waste that are not correctly managed can cause dangerous infection and pose potential threat to the nearby environment, health workers, patients and to the public (WHO, 2014). Dehghani, Azam, Changani and Fard (2008) noted that Healthcare Waste (HCW) if not appropriately managed can be a serious threat to human health due to their infectious attributes. Nigeria, one of developing countries, has health issues that are competing for limited resources; it is not amazing that healthcare waste management receives less attention and precedence than it merits (Stephen, & Elijah, 2011). Therefore, there is a serious challenge in developing countries, where there are no Institutional provisions for healthcare waste management. Clinical wastes are disposed openly in the dumpsite along with municipal waste and the practice make the members of the community gain access to it which may lead to outbreak of infectious diseases (Alagoz, Kocasay, Abah, & Ohimain, 2010) . Cheng, Sung, Yang, Lo, Chung and Li (2009) noted that as small as healthcare waste is in proportion to the total community waste, its management is considered an important issue worldwide. World Health Organization (2014) reported that 15% of total waste generated in the healthcare facility is hazardous and must be properly segregated at the point of generation to prevent the whole healthcare waste becoming 100% hazardous. The World Health Organization estimates that each year there are about 8 to 16 million new cases of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 2.3 to 4.7 million cases of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 80,000 to 160,000 cases of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) due to unsafe injections disposal and mostly due to very poor waste management systems.

Across the globe, the risk associated with Healthcare Waste (HCW) and its management has gained tremendous attention from health practitioners and non practitioners. If healthcare facilities know the types and quantities of clinical waste generated, it will help them in planning, budgeting adequate revenue for the management of hazardous waste (Bongayi, 2013). A study conducted by Olubukola (2009) in two General hospitals at Lagos reported that due to lack of quantification of healthcare waste, there was no waste reduction plan in the hospitals.

This lack of plan for healthcare waste management eventually leads to inadequate waste segregation at point of use, collection, storage and final disposal. This poor healthcare waste management practice creates health hazards for health workers, patients and the environment. Identified gaps like lack of colour code bags for segregation of healthcare waste at point of use, lack of guidelines on segregation and disposal for health workers lead to poor healthcare waste management in hospitals. The mismanagement of healthcare waste by healthcare facilities does not pose health hazard to health workers and patients alone but also to patients’ visitors and the community where they are improperly disposed by contaminating the soil, air and water. Healthcare facilities are supposed to protect the health of people in their environment, not to be a creator of potential health hazard for them.

Furthermore, increase in patient turned-out has increase the generation of healthcare waste. Mboguwe, Mimereki and Magashula(2008) also reported that increase in population results to increase in healthcare facilities that lead to increased healthcare waste generation. It is expected that because of this increase, more attention should be paid to and priority given to proper healthcare waste management in Abeokuta South Local Government (ASLG). Management of healthcare waste continues to present an array of challenges especially as economic situation of the country deepen daily therefore, healthcare waste management has become a concern.

So many studies have been conducted on healthcare waste management but little or no work has been done concerning segregation of clinical waste which is a vital aspect in healthcare waste management (Coker, Sangodoyin, Sridhar, Booth, Olomolaiye, 2009). Segregation of waste is crucial in healthcare waste management because it is the first step in clinical waste management. Segregation of healthcare waste helps in reduction of the quantity of waste that is hazardous. Once healthcare waste are segregated, collection will be easy, proper storage will be done and disposal of infectious waste carried out in the way that it will not pose any harm to health workers, patients and the environment (WHO, 2014). Proper management of healthcare waste depends on good organization, sufficient funding and active participation of trained personnel. It was observed that healthcare facilities were not spending resources on clinical waste management Healthcare facility must allocate resources for colour coded bags and training of generator of healthcare waste for proper segregation and disposal for its sustainability. The intention of this study is to assess healthcare waste management practices at health facilities in Abeokuta South Local Government.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Indiscriminate dumping of untreated hospital waste in Municipal bins increases the chances of survival and mutation of pathogenic microorganism population in the municipal waste, which can lead to disease epidemics and increased incidence of communicable disease in the community. The prevalence of infectious disease like Hepatitis B, C, Measles, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Tuberculosis, Chickenpox, Cholera and others has also been traced to the inappropriate segregation and disposal of hospital waste (Sreejith, 2008).In Ogun State, the researcher observed that the healthcare facilities neglected healthcare waste management in the area of segregation and disposal. Materials required for segregation and disposal of these hospital wastes are not provided by the constituted authority, thus these pose a serious threat to the health workers, patients, environments and the community at large. There has been recent cases of hospital acquired infectious diseases among health workers which has been traced to contamination from healthcare waste, leading to untimely death of some of these health workers.

The indiscriminate dumping of hospital waste among domestic waste make the community members easily access it. A tour of these health facilities shows the absence of waste management facilities such as incinerators, autoclave, and microwave. Therefore, it is most likely that medical wastes are dumped at municipal site; this practice may lead to outbreak of communicable diseases. It is in the light of these problems identified above that the researcher developed interest in assessing healthcare waste management practices among health workers in Abeokuta South Local Government of Ogun State. The result of this study will be used to improve the healthcare waste management in health facilities in Abeokuta South Local Government. It will also provide empirical data to policy makers, researchers and other concern bodies to develop effective healthcare waste management policy in Abeokuta South Local Government and the country as a whole.

1.3     Objective of the Study

The main objective of this study is to assess the waste management practices of health workers in four healthcare facilities in Abeokuta South Local Government Area of Ogun State. The specific objectives are to:

1. identify different types of waste generated in Healthcare facilities in Abeokuta South Local Government (ASLG);
2. determine the level of knowledge of health workers on Healthcare waste management and its segregation;
3. assess the healthcare waste management as practiced by health workers and
4. determine how healthcare wastes are finally disposed off, by the healthcare facilities in

ASLG.

1.4       Research Questions

1. What are the types of Healthcare wastes generated at health facilities in ASLG?
2. What is the level of knowledge of health workers on healthcare waste management?
3. What is the practice of healthcare waste management by health workers?
4. What is the final disposal of healthcare waste practiced by healthcare workers in ASLG?

1.5       Hypothesis

Ho1:   There is no significant relationship between knowledge and practice of respondents on

Healthcare waste management in ASLG.

1.6       Scope of the Study

The study focused on generation, segregation and final disposal of healthcare waste in healthcare facilities in Abeokuta South Local Government. One tertiary Healthcare facility, one secondary Healthcare facility and two primary Healthcare facilities were used.