Project Abstract

<p> </p><p>This work centers on the study of the electrical energy consumption pattern of Ahmadu<br>Bello University Samaru Zaria over a period of five years to establish the present energy<br>demand and to project future demand .To obtain the amount and pattern of electrical<br>energy consumption, statistical data for five years were collected for PHCN supply and<br>generator supplement. These data were analyzed and forecast of future demand made<br>based on the analysis. The study found out that due to power outages from PHCN, the<br>University had to supplement PHCN supply by installing 7.74MW capacity Diesel and<br>Petrol generators in both academic and residential areas. The power supplied by these<br>generators constitute 42.6% of monthly energy consumption in 2003, 40% in 2004, 39%<br>in 2005, 49.3% in 2006, 55.27% in 2007 and 37.3% as at May 2008.<br>Some methods to reduce energy waste are recommended and sources other than fossil<br>fuel Powered generators are suggested for future supplement of supply from PHCN.</p><p>&nbsp;</p> <br><p></p>

Project Overview

<p> INTRODUCTION<br>The genesis of electricity supply in Nigeria dates back to the colonial era. The colonial<br>master commissioned the first phase of Ijora power station to supply power to selected<br>areas of Lagos and the environs. On the whole, Nigeria had about 200MW of electricity<br>as at independence in 1960 under the Government Electricity Undertaking (Oke et al,<br>2007).<br>The rate of growth of industries and urban cities was very drastic immediately after the<br>civil war of 1967 to 1970 and because of increased level of socialization and<br>industrialization, demand for electricity has increased drastically. Traditional firewoods<br>have given way to electric cookers and other renewable energy sources such as biogas.<br>Because of increased level of socialization and industrialization, demand for electronic<br>gadgets increased drastically. This gave a big challenge to government whose<br>responsibility is to maintain adequate supply of electricity to its citizen.<br>1.1 ENERGY CONSUMPTION OVERVIEW<br>Notwithstanding the importance of modern energy forms in raising economic output,<br>they are often viewed as economic ‘bads’ not ‘good’ – a view that has gathered force in<br>recent years and is the source of much confusion in energy and environmental policies. In<br>some countries energy use is under attack not only from environmental group but also<br>from finance ministries who see high energy taxes as a means of simultaneously raising<br>revenues and reducing pollution. Energy demand in developing countries will rise<br>enormously as per capita incomes and population grows.<br>xiv<br>No country has been able to raise per capital income from low levels to high levels<br>without increasing its use of commercial energy. Modern energy forms have been proven<br>to have raised economic output of many countries in the world (Anderson, 1997).<br>Studies show that there is an increase in the world’s consumption of commercial energy<br>over this century. Forecast of long-term energy demand vary considerably with<br>assumption about the growth of per capita income and population.<br>In a macro or aggregate analysis, the factors considered to be affecting total national<br>energy consumption are;<br>a. National Population (NP)<br>b. Levels of national income in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and<br>c. The level of national income In terms of Gross National Product (GNP)<br>Increasing population generally leads to increasing economic activities. Increase in<br>population and economic activities in a Country /University leads to increase in<br>consumption of energy. This generally results in more diverse energy application and<br>additional energy uses.<br>Sectoral analysis or the analysis of energy consumption of each economic sector provides<br>deeper understanding of energy –economy interaction. It thus provides a better basis for<br>projecting future energy consumption. It can be the basis for fine tuning policies that<br>includes well-focused intervention programs and appropriately designed investment<br>project.<br>A sectoral energy analysis usually divides the economy into five major categories or<br>sectors as outlined in table 1;<br>a. Household (Education inclusive) Sector<br>b. Industrial Sector<br>xv<br>c. Agricultural Sector<br>d. Service Sector and<br>e. Transport Sector.<br>In Nigeria, the house hold sector is the largest consuming sector in the economy. It<br>accounts for about a quarter of total commercial energy and over 90% traditional fuels,<br>especially firewood. It accounts for 62%, 65% and 65.1% of total delivered final energy<br>in 1985, 1987 and 1989 respectively.<br>Table1: Sectoral Final Energy consumption in Nigeria. (%)<br>SECTOR/YEAR 1985 1987 1989<br>House hold 62.0 65.0 65.1<br>Industry 15.0 15.0 11.3<br>Transport 22.0 19.0 20.2<br>Agriculture 0.4 0.4 .05<br>Services 0.6 0.6 2.5<br>Source: (Oke et al, 2007)<br>Energy is widely consumed in all these Sectors of the economy. Each sector is treated as<br>having some unique characteristic and patterns of energy consumption. Sectoral energy<br>analysis account for changes in the share of the contribution of each sector. It can also<br>account for changes in specific energy consumption in each sector and thus, recognizes<br>that the specific energy consumption of the total economy is not constant but changes<br>over time. Finally, it can also account for changes in the energy consumption for each<br>type of fuel such as wood, kerosene, gas and electricity over time. These changes are very<br>pronounced particularly during periods of rapid economic growth and transformation.<br>xvi<br>There are several forms of energy; these are electrical, mechanical and thermal energy.<br>Of all the final forms of energy, electricity stands out<br>Because of its advantages over others; Electricity is the cleanest of all the final forms of<br>energy, it is also more convenient to use. It causes no pollution and it is always ready for<br>use. Transportation of electricity is much easier than others.<br>This work focuses on the electrical energy consumption in the educational sector, the<br>university in particular. The University energy consumption is one part of the sectoral<br>analysis of energy consumption. Several surveys have been carried out around the world<br>to know the consumption of energy in universities and how best to manage the available<br>energy efficiently and improve the output and living standard of the University<br>community.<br>1.2 ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION AND CONSUMPTION IN<br>NIGERIA<br>1.2.1 INSTALLATIONS<br>From available records, (Ajayi and Balogun, 1981) electricity generation in Nigeria<br>began in 1896 when in Lagos 60KW of power was generated. The Nigerian electricity<br>supply company (NESCO) commenced operation as an electricity utility company in<br>Nigeria in 1929 with the construction of a hydroelectric power station in Kurra near Jos.<br>Several other towns in Nigeria later established electricity supply by the installation of<br>isolated generators in each town.<br>In 1946, the Nigerian Government Electricity undertaking was established to take over<br>the responsibility for electricity supply in Lagos area. In 1950, a central body was<br>established by the ordinance no. 15 of 1950 which transferred electricity supply and<br>xvii<br>development to the care of a central body known as Electricity Corporation of Nigeria<br>(ECN).<br>In 1962 another body known as the Niger Dams Authority (NDA) was established by an<br>act of parliament. The authority was mandated to develop the hydro power potentials of<br>the country. The energy produced by (NDA) was sold to ECN for distribution in Nigeria.<br>In the same year the first 132KV line was constructed to link Ijora and Ibadan power<br>stations. The operations of ECN and NDA were combined in 1972 to form a new<br>organization known as National Electric Power Authority (NEPA). (Ajayi and Balogun,<br>1981). The bulk of the supply of energy to the country has been the main task of NEPA.<br>NEPA was also mandated to maintain an efficient, coordinated and economic system of<br>electricity supply to all parts of the nation and to propel the nation’s technological and<br>industrial growth.<br>However, the ever increasing demand for electricity occasioned by the linking of several<br>communities to the national grid has made this mission largely unaccomplished. The<br>inability of the nation to increase generation capacity has made the energy balance<br>between production and consumption negative. The signing into law of the Electric<br>Power Sector Reform Act 2005 on the 11th March, 2005 set the stage for the unbundling<br>of NEPA into 18 companies. Nigerians are yet to see any improvement in the power<br>sector despite all the metamorphosis. The university being an integral part of the country<br>is not spared by the brown-outs, frequent heavily fluctuating voltages and most times<br>complete blackouts.<br>Nigeria’s power generating potential is adjudged the highest in Africa. This is attributed<br>to the abundant natural gas reserve of about 188 trillion cubic feet, which is the 8th in the<br>world; The country has enough associated gas potential to power giant thermal stations.<br>xviii<br>Despite Nigeria’s huge electrical power generation potentials, its power supply situation<br>has remained abysmally mournful. When other countries are encouraging investment in<br>nuclear power to compliment other sources of energy, Nigeria is still struggling to tap<br>fully the traditional sources of power.<br>The national electricity grid presently consists of eight generation stations, five thermal<br>stations (Alike, 2006);<br>a. 40MW thermal power plant in ljora<br>b. 1320MW in Egbin<br>c. 1020MW in Sapele<br>d. 912MW in Delta and<br>e. 969.6MW in Afam Rivers State.<br>Their combined capacity is 4,261.6MW.<br>The country also has three hydropower stations, which are;<br>a. 760 MW Kanji Dam<br>b. 578.4 MW Dam in Jebba and<br>c. 600 MW Dam in Shiroro.<br>Their total generating capacity is 1938.4 MW.<br>These are summarized in the table below.<br>Table2: Power stations in Nigeria<br>HYDRO STEAM GAS AGO<br>Kainji Egbin Sapele Ijora<br>Jebba Sapele Afam<br>Shiroro Dalta<br>Source: (Oke et al, 2007)<br>xix<br>1.2.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM<br>The fewness and sparse distribution of generating points relative to the size of the country<br>presents a big problem. The first problem is that clearly we have not invested sufficiently<br>in total generating capacity, apparently being satisfied with the present estimated demand<br>rather than a visionary attitude that more electricity generation stimulates more demand.<br>South Africa’s generation capacity has hit 36,000MW and the country plans to construct<br>an additional 5,000 MW by 2010. The country’s highest average demand in history was<br>34,000MW, recorded in June 2005. (Alike, 2006)<br>A couple of years ago Ghana celebrated her 25 years of uninterrupted power supply.<br>Though the Federal government’s reform process increased generation from 1,900MW in<br>1999 to 3,200MW, supply has since reduced to an abysmally low level of 2150MW while<br>the average national demand hover around 10,000MW.<br>Secondly, the eight (8) generation stations with more than half located along the coast<br>and the rest along the mid-section of the country with a capacity of 6,000 MW is on the<br>average 750 MW per generating station. When one shuts down or has a problem –due to<br>poor water levels, disrupted fuel supply or turbine breakdown or outright sabotage- it<br>depletes the national grid.<br>The sparse geographical distribution of generating points also means that average<br>distances over which electrical energy is distributed are high – anywhere from 300 to 500<br>kilometers. This results in line voltage and power loses as high as 25% compared with<br>3% in the United States and 0.5% in Japan. Also the grid voltages in Nigeria are typically<br>330kv compared with increasingly 765kv in developed countries. Generally, the higher<br>the grid line voltage, the lower the grid current hence for a given length of wire, the<br>smaller the line power loss. Distribution problems are compounded when electrical wires<br>xx<br>are stolen and power transformers for stepping down and stepping up voltages along the<br>way are broken down. Thus reducing distribution distances, increasing the gridlines<br>voltages, improving security and maintenance culture are clear steps to be taken if<br>electricity supply is to be improved.<br>Another area where we have problems is in the area of revenue collection. Residential,<br>commercial and industrial consumers to whom the electricity is distributed at appropriate<br>voltages (240 Volts for residential and commercial users in Nigeria, and higher for some<br>commercial and industrial) have poor customer base services from the power holding<br>company of Nigeria (PHCN). As at June 2002, PHCN revenue (customer base) was put at<br>about 3.05 Million Naira for the year .83% of which where residential, 16% commercial<br>and 0.4% industrial in a country that is about 140 million population with 446 Local<br>government areas connected to the national grid out of 774. This is pitiful customer base.<br>(Aluko, 2006)<br>Zero voltage otherwise known as blackout, sustained low voltage (brownout) or frequent<br>heavily fluctuating voltages have been the order of the day in the experience of<br>Nigerians. This has made the desire to pay for such poor services quite understandably<br>low.<br>Poor recording of electricity used by customer, poor collection methods and outright<br>fraud (payments not remitted to PHCN) have also been major problems.<br>Corruption and gross negligence at the Power Holding Company of Nigeria reached its<br>peak at the beginning of the past administration when the national grid of PHCN was<br>brought to a total collapse. A system collapse, which Nigeria last witnessed in 1991, was<br>recorded twice within 72 hours on March 10 and 14 year 2000.<br>xxi<br>The collapse was blamed on a mysterious fire at Shiroro power station but corruption and<br>gross negligence cannot be ruled out as remote causes.<br>The initial pumping of millions of dollars of oil revenue by government into the system<br>to replace outdated equipment did not help matters as the money ended up in private<br>pockets. (Alike, 2006) The whole system is corruption infested.<br>Nigerians and indeed investors are finding it increasingly unaffordable to do business in<br>the country partly because of high cost of alternative power supply.<br>In view of the above mentioned problems and their attendant effect on the university<br>community, there is need for the university to formulate new energy management policy<br>that will ensure that the system depends less on the power from the national grid- as it is<br>obvious that the power from the national grid cannot provide/satisfy the energy demand<br>of the university.<br>1.2.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE RESEARCH<br>In view of the problems of electrical energy generation, transmission and distribution<br>highlighted above, there is need to study the energy consumption patterns of a Nigerian<br>university with a view to making recommendation that would enable the university to<br>adopt clear energy policy.<br>The research would enable the university to plan and implement a concise energy mix<br>that would solve the problems of inadequate energy supply and will enable the university<br>to plan energy saving schemes or modes.<br>xxii<br>The unbundling of the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) into 18 companies; 6<br>generating companies, 11 distributing companies and 1 transmitting company has not<br>improved the performance of PHCN, hence the study would enable the university to look<br>elsewhere for steady and reliable power supply supplement.<br>In addition energy consumption reviews shows that there is power shortage at the<br>National level and in ABU. However, there is the need to study the pattern of electric<br>power consumption in ABU in order to determine the extent of short fall and therefore<br>recommend necessary steps for making up for current short fall and plan for future<br>increase in electric energy demand. This is in conformity with reviewed studies at<br>University of Glasgow; HEAR at OCU and “Save Power Committee” of PAN limited<br>1.2.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES<br>The investigation into electrical energy consumption in ABU Samaru, Zaria is aimed at<br>identifying the present energy consumption; the energy needed by the university and<br>develop energy management procedure which is at the leading edge of good practice.<br>More specifically, the investigation is aimed at achieving the following objectives:<br>a. To study the electrical energy consumption pattern of the university with respect to<br>time of the year in order to determine future demands and to plan for appropriate<br>installations to meet future demands.<br>b. To advise the university system on ways of reducing wastages if any.<br>c. To promote energy saving awareness, identify and encourage the university to<br>implement energy saving measures.<br>SCOPE OF THE STUDY<br>xxiii<br>This study is restricted to electrical energy consumption from<br>a. P.H.C.N<br>b. Diesel generators and<br>c. Petrol generators. <br></p>