1.0 Introduction 9

1.1 Background 9

1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Dissertation 11

1.2.1 Research Aim 11

1.2.2 Specific Objectives 11

1.3 Research Questions 11

1.4 Structure of the Research 12

2.0 Literature Review 13

2.1 Definition of Terms 13

2.2 A History of Peace Initiatives and Diplomacy in Somalia 14

2.3 The Role of the State in the Regional Diplomacy 16

2.4 The Model of Coordinated Synergy in Diplomacy 17

2.6 Regional Diplomacy in Human Rights Bill in UN 20

2.7 Regionalism in the International Diplomacy and Rights 21

3.0 Developments and Resolutions from Diplomatic Efforts 22

3.1 Rationale for Diplomatic Resolutions 22

3.2 Developments in the State Governance 24

3.3 IGAD’s Contributory Effort in Terms of Diplomatic Resolutions 25

4.0 Methodology 27

4.1 Overview 27

3.2 Research Design 27

4.3 Population and Sampling 30

4.4 Data Collection Instruments 31

4.4.1 Quantitative Data Collection 31

4.4.2 Qualitative Data Collection 32

4.5 Data Analysis 32

4.5.1 Qualitative Data Analysis 32

4.5.2 Quantitative Data 33

4.6 Validity and Reliability 33

4.7 Ethics 34

4.8 Limitations 34

Chapter 5

5.1 Motives for International Diplomatic Interventions in Somalia 35

5.1.1 Trade Interest: Marine Routes and the Suez Canal Dimension 35

5.1.2 Protection National Territories: The ‘Great Somali’ Threat’ 36

5.1.3 Protection against Battle Spill Over Motive 38

5.2 Top down Security Diplomacy and Its Failure State 40

5.3 The Extent and Effects of the Somalia War to the Bordering Countries 47

5.4 Various Diplomatic Measure IGAD Carried Out towards Conflict Resolution in the Region 51

5.5 Effectiveness of Regional Diplomacy IGAD Implemented 54

6.0 Recommendations and Conclusion 58

6.1 Recommendations 58

6.1.0 Recommendations in the use of diplomacy to solve conflicts 58

6.1.1 Significant roles regional diplomats play 60

6.2 Conclusion 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY 64