Project Abstract

Abstract
The doctrine of non-intervention in international law has been a cornerstone principle in the relations between states for centuries. This research project provides a comprehensive appraisal of this doctrine, examining its historical development, legal basis, and contemporary relevance. The concept of non-intervention can be traced back to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which established the principle of state sovereignty and non-interference in the domestic affairs of other states. The legal basis of the doctrine of non-intervention is found in various international treaties, customary international law, and the United Nations Charter. Article 2(4) of the UN Charter explicitly prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, reflecting the core principle of non-intervention. However, the principle of non-intervention is not absolute and is subject to exceptions such as self-defense and intervention authorized by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII of the Charter. The research project analyzes the evolving interpretation of the doctrine of non-intervention in light of contemporary challenges such as humanitarian intervention, the responsibility to protect, and the fight against terrorism. The tension between the principle of non-intervention and the duty to prevent mass atrocities has led to debates within the international community regarding the legitimacy of intervention in cases of severe human rights violations. Furthermore, the project examines the practice of states and international organizations in upholding or violating the doctrine of non-intervention. Case studies of recent interventions, such as the NATO intervention in Kosovo and the military campaigns in Syria, provide insights into the complex dynamics surrounding the application of the principle of non-intervention in modern international relations. In conclusion, this research project contributes to the ongoing discourse on the doctrine of non-intervention by offering a critical analysis of its historical development, legal basis, and contemporary challenges. By exploring the nuances of this fundamental principle of international law, the project seeks to enhance understanding and promote dialogue on the delicate balance between state sovereignty and the protection of human rights in the international arena.

Project Overview

1.0 GENERALINTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The Charter of the United Nations was signed on the 26th of June, 1945 in San Francisco United States of America. The Charter came into force on the 24th of October, 1945[1]. Sequel to the meeting and signing of the Charter, many meetings were held at various places[2] as a result of what was considered to be threat to the international community. This threat had its own origin from what happened immediately after the First World War and indeed, during the Second World War. For example, the world-wide economic recession of the late twenties and thirties, the risk in popularity of anti democratic and nationalist doctrines, the disintegration and collapse of the League of Nations. Others included aggressive force of Italian fascism, German Nazism and Japanese militarism. All these were recognized as threats to the international peace and security, which needed to be stamped out for peace and security of the International community.

In several meetings that were held, member states agreed that complete victory over their enemies was a necessary prerequisite for the defense of life, liberty, independence, religious freedom and for the preservation of human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other places. They also agreed to engage in a common struggle against savage and brutal forces seeking to subjugate the world[3]. By the Declaration, each signatory government pledged itself to employ its full resources, military and economic, against those members of the tripartite pact and its adherents with which such governments were at war and to cooperate with Governments signatories thereto, and not to make separate armistice or peace with enemies.

However, during the preparation of the Charter, Member States agreed to draw a line between activities, which were regarded as purely domestic, and those, which were within the realm of international domain.

So at the end, the principle of non-intervention was inserted into the United Nations Charter. Thus, Article 2 of the UN Charter provides inter alia that:

“Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter.[4]” This is what is commonly known as the principle of non-intervention. Since then the principle have

been abused by international community.

1.2 Statementof the Problem
Since the signing of the United Nations Charter on October 24, 1945 illegal intervention of one state by another at international level seems to have continued unchecked. Since human activities are not static but flexible, there occurred many changed circumstances, interests and priorities. Many concepts, ideologies, philosophies and norms have evolved under international law. These have called for a review of the old initial idea or conception of the principle of non-interference5 69 years after the signing and coming into effect of the principal Charter of the United Nations. For example in 1945, the priority of the United Nations was how to prevent further international wars, how to promote international peace and security by way of coming together of the international community and to agree on peace agenda which was thought to be the only panacea for peace and security.