<p> </p><div><p>PRELUDE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;OBJECTIVES, AUDIENCE AND SCOPE OF THIS REPORT………………………………………………………………………..7</p><p>METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7</p><p>&nbsp;OVERVIEW OF KIWASCO HISTORY AND OPERATIONS ……………………………….………………………………………8</p><p>ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF KIWASCO………………………………………………………………………………………….8</p><p>COMMERCIAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………..9</p><p>FINANCE DEPARTMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………9</p><p>HUMAN RESOURCES AND ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT………………………………………………………………………..9</p><p>INTERNAL RISK AND AUDIT DEPARTMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………….10</p><p>&nbsp;TECHNICAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………….10</p><p>&nbsp;SUPPLY CHAIN DEPARTMENT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11</p><p>&nbsp;OVERVIEW OF WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES………………………………………………………………………………….12 &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( i) Intake…………………………………………………………..………………………….………………………………12 &nbsp; </p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (ii) Arrival at the Plant…………….………………………….….………………………………………………………….12 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (iii) Sedimentation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (iv) Filtration ………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………….13 &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (v) Chlorination &nbsp; &nbsp; ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..13</p><p>

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..14</p><p>&nbsp;

Chapter 2

WATER TREATMENT………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.1 SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS………………………………………………………………………………………..14 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2 PRE-TREATMENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15 &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.1 pH ADJUSTMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.2 WATER STABILIZATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………16 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.3 COAGULATION &amp; FLOCCULATION ……………………………………………………………………………………….16 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.3.1 JAR TEST…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.3.2 COAGULATION……………………………………………………………………………………………………22 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.3.3 COAGULANTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………25 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.3.4 FLASH MIXING/RAPID MIXING……………………………………………………………………………………………28 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.3.5 DETENTION</p><p>TIME…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….29 </p><p>2.2.3.6 TEMPERATURE</p><p>EFFECTS…………………………………………………………………………………………..30 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p></p></div><h3></h3><br> <br><p></p>