Project Abstract

Abstract
The resistivity method is a widely used geophysical technique for groundwater detection due to its ability to delineate subsurface variations in electrical properties. In this study, we investigate the application of resistivity methods in detecting horizontal and vertical discontinuities in the electrical properties of the ground for groundwater exploration. The study aims to provide insights into the effectiveness of resistivity methods in identifying subsurface features that can indicate the presence of groundwater resources. The research methodology involves conducting resistivity surveys using a variety of electrode configurations to investigate the subsurface electrical properties. Both horizontal and vertical discontinuities are targeted in the study area to assess their impact on groundwater detection using resistivity methods. The data collected from the surveys are processed and analyzed to generate resistivity profiles that reveal the subsurface structures and variations in electrical properties. The results of the study demonstrate the capability of resistivity methods in detecting horizontal and vertical discontinuities in the electrical properties of the ground for groundwater exploration. Horizontal discontinuities, such as faults and fractures, can be identified by changes in resistivity values across the survey area. Vertical discontinuities, such as layers of contrasting lithology or water-bearing formations, also exhibit distinct resistivity signatures that can be interpreted to infer the presence of groundwater. The study highlights the importance of understanding the geological and hydrogeological context of the study area to interpret resistivity data accurately. By integrating geological information with resistivity data, the identification of subsurface features related to groundwater occurrence becomes more reliable and informative. The findings suggest that resistivity methods can be effectively used to map subsurface structures and characterize groundwater resources in areas with horizontal and vertical discontinuities in electrical properties. Overall, this research contributes to the existing knowledge on the application of resistivity methods for groundwater exploration by focusing on the detection of horizontal and vertical discontinuities in the electrical properties of the ground. The study provides valuable insights for geoscientists and hydrogeologists working on groundwater projects, emphasizing the importance of considering subsurface heterogeneities in electrical properties for accurate groundwater detection and characterization.

Project Overview

The resistivity method is used in the study of the horizontal and vertical discontinuities in the electrical properties of the ground and also in the detection of three dimensional bodies of anomalous electrical conductivity. In the study of ground water movement in obubra area, the the resistivity method commonly employed are the electrical resistivity method. Electrical resistivity method is one of the most useful techniques in groundwater geophysical exploration, because the resistivity of rocks is sensitive to its ionic content (Alile, et al., 2011). The method allows a quantitative result to be obtained by using a controlled source of specific dimensions. Records show that the depths of aquifers differ from place to place because of variation in geothermal and geo-structural occurrence (Okwueze, 1996). Therefore, the need to study the area for groundwater potential especially in terms of determining the flow direction is a prerequisite for portable ground water exploration and exploitation in this area.

1.1 Location And Geology Of The Area

The study area lies between latitudes 50 15′ and 60 15′N and longitudes 70 45′ and 80 45′E. It is located within the sub-equatorial climatic region of Nigeria with a total annual rainfall of more than 300 to 400cm. Temperature ranged from 250C to 280C. The area experiences two seasons, these are the wet season which lasts from April to September with a peak in June and July while the dry seasons lasts from October to March (Iloeje,1991).

The study area is underlain by two major lithologic units: Crystalline basement and Cretaceous sediments. The crystalline basement rocks occupy the extreme south of the study area. Also, there are intermediate rocks scatteredin patches around Obubra, Iyamayong, Iyamitet, Ikom, Nkpani and Usumutong. The Cretaceous sediments cover about 90% of the study area. Asu River Group is the basal and oldest recorded sediment in the study area. It is dominated by bluish gray/black to olivine brown shale and sandy shale, fine – grained micaceouscalcareous sandstone and siltstone with limestone lenses. The shale is often carbonaceous and pyritic which indicates that the sediments were deposited under a poorly oxygenated shallow water environment of restricted circulation, an indication of low energy environment (Petters et al., 1987). In general, Southern Obubra lies within the Cross River plain and the clastic beds in the study area can be ascribed to the Ezillo Formation. The Ezillo Formation comprises mostly dark gray shales with fine sandstone and siltstone intercalations in the lower part, and an upper unit that is highly bioturbated, fine medium sandstone, similar to the sandstone of the Amaseri Formation. The Ezillo Formation between Appiapum and Ikom was deposited in a deltaic coastal plain, in brackish marshes and inter-distributary bays (Barth, et al., 1995). A major river (Cross River) exists in the study area into which minor streams empty their loads. The elevation of the study area ranged from 14 to 170m above sea level. The relief is characterized by undulations running at undefined direction and variably demarcating the very lowland areas from moderate relief landmarks. The occurrence of the low plains is occasionally broken by inselbergs of granite and basalts in the southern portion of the study area. In the sediment filled portions, the low plains are occasionally broken by flat -topped hills of sandstone ridges and igneous intrusive with highly ferroginized sandstones with gravels resulting from uplifts. The area is drained by the Cross River with major tributaries like, Udip, Ukong, Lakpoi, Okwo, and Okpon rivers. These rivers form a network of dendritic drainage system

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