<p> </p><ul><li>1.1 Background and Objectives</li><li>1.2 Significance of Subsurface Characterization</li><li>1.3 Scope and Research Questions</li><li>1.4 Study Area Selection</li><li>1.5 Organization of the Thesis</li></ul> <ul><li>2.1 Overview of Geophysical Techniques</li><li>2.2 Applications in Subsurface Characterization</li><li>2.3 Previous Studies and Case Examples</li><li>2.4 Limitations and Challenges</li><li>2.5 Theoretical Framework</li></ul> <ul><li>3.1 Selection of Geophysical Methods</li><li>3.2 Survey Design and Data Acquisition</li><li>3.3 Data Processing and Inversion Techniques</li><li>3.4 Integration with Geological Data</li><li>3.5 Quality Control Measures</li></ul> <ul><li>4.1 Interpretation of Geophysical Data</li><li>4.2 Identification of Subsurface Structures</li><li>4.3 Correlation with Geological Features</li><li>4.4 Validation of Results</li><li>4.5 Applications in Resource Exploration and Environmental Studies</li></ul> <ul><li>5.1 Summary of Findings</li><li>5.2 Contributions to Subsurface Characterization</li><li>5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research</li><li>5.4 Practical Implications for Resource Management</li><li>5.5 Recommendations for Further Application and Research</li></ul> <br><p></p>