Project Abstract

Abstract
Steam distillation is a widely used method for the extraction of essential oils from plant materials. In this project, we aim to design and construct an open steam distillation column for the efficient extraction of essential oils. The column will be made of stainless steel for its durability and resistance to corrosion. The design will incorporate various components such as a steam generator, a condenser, and a collection vessel. The steam generator will produce steam, which will pass through the plant material in the column, carrying the essential oils with it. The steam will then be condensed in the condenser, resulting in a mixture of water and essential oil. The essential oil will float on top of the water and can be easily separated and collected in the collection vessel. The construction of the distillation column will involve precise measurements and assembly of the components to ensure efficient operation. The steam generator will be designed to produce a consistent flow of steam at the required temperature for optimal extraction. The condenser will be designed to efficiently cool and condense the steam, allowing for the separation of the essential oil from the water. Once the distillation column is constructed, we will test its performance using various plant materials to extract essential oils. The efficiency of the extraction process will be evaluated based on factors such as the yield of essential oil and the quality of the extracted oil. The open design of the column will allow for easy access and maintenance, ensuring long-term functionality. In conclusion, the construction of an open steam distillation column offers a cost-effective and efficient method for the extraction of essential oils. The design and construction of the column will be crucial in ensuring optimal performance and high-quality extraction. By utilizing steam distillation, this project aims to provide a practical solution for the extraction of essential oils from plant materials for various applications in industries such as cosmetics, aromatherapy, and food production.

Project Overview

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Distillation is a separating technique in which two liquids are separated at essentially the same temperature and pressure. It is also the term used to describe the operation where the vaporization of a liquid mixture yields a vapor phase containing more than one constituents and it is desired to recover one or more of this constituents in a nearly pure state.
It would probably be beneficial to define the terms that describe the process and related properties. Let us begin by describing the process by which a substance transformed from the condensed phase to the gas phase. For liquid, this process is called VAPORIZATION and for a solid it is called SUBMIATIN, both processes requires heat. All substances regardless whether they are liquids or solids are characterized by a vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of a pure substance is the pressure exerted by the substance against the external pressure which is usually atmospheric pressure. Vapor pressure is a measure of the tendency to escape. When the vapor pressure of a liquid substance reaches the external pressure the substance is observed to Boil. If the external pressure is atmospheric pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance boils is called the NORMAL BOILING POINT. Solid substances are not characterized by a similar phenomena called BOILING. They simply vaporize directly into the atmosphere.
Generally speaking, distillation, stripping, absorption, humidification are industrial stage wise operations which involves the contact of two phases in various apparatus. Completion of separation depends upon certain properties of components involved and the arrangement of the distillation process.
The properties involved are:
– Mode of temperature and process control
– The relative volatility between the liquid and vapor phases
– The production capacity of the distiller
– The type of distillation involved
However, the importance of distillation in commercial process is the purification of a large variety of material and petroleum industries. It is applied in the production of hot drinks in chemical industries. Also, applied in oil companies for the separation of petroleum into its various components e.g kerosene, diesel, gasoline, petrol, fuel, oil, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, aliphatic etc. Lastly, it is equally applied in pharmaceutical industries for the production of ethylated spirits and many other medical strubs.