Project Abstract

Abstract
This research project focuses on the design and implementation of an automatic 3-phase change-over with a generator set (gen set) switching system. The objective of this project is to create a reliable and efficient solution for seamless transition of power supply between the main utility and a backup generator in the event of power outages or fluctuations. The proposed system incorporates automatic detection of power failure or voltage anomalies in the main utility supply and initiates a swift transfer to the generator set to ensure uninterrupted power supply to critical loads. The design includes sensors and control units to monitor the utility power status and command the switch-over mechanism to activate the generator set when necessary. Key components of the system include the microcontroller unit (MCU), relays, sensors, and the generator set itself. The MCU acts as the central control unit, processing input signals from the sensors and making decisions based on predefined algorithms to trigger the switch-over process. Relays are used to physically connect/disconnect the power sources, while sensors provide real-time data on the utility power status. The generator set is equipped with an automatic start function to power up quickly upon receiving the command from the MCU. The implementation of this system involves detailed circuit design, programming of the MCU, and testing to ensure seamless operation under various scenarios. The design considerations include safety features, efficiency, and reliability to meet the requirements of critical applications such as hospitals, data centers, and industrial facilities. The benefits of this automatic 3-phase change-over with gen set switching system include improved power reliability, reduced downtime, and enhanced protection of sensitive equipment from power disturbances. By automating the switch-over process, the system minimizes human intervention and response time, ensuring a smooth transition between power sources without affecting the connected loads. In conclusion, the successful design and implementation of this automatic 3-phase change-over system with gen set switching provide a robust solution for maintaining continuous power supply in critical settings. Future enhancements may include remote monitoring capabilities, integration with renewable energy sources, and scalability for larger power distribution systems.

Project Overview

INTRODUCTION

The evolutionary trend in industrial electronics and automation has engulfed all parts of the world and proved more challenging to as third world like Nigeria. Regarding the milestone, it was decided to make the choice of project research on the design and implementation of an automatic 3 – phase change – over with Generator switching which will eliminate the stress and lapses involved in the manual process. This electronics system is realized using 3 – phase regulated Dc power supply unit whose output is compared and fed to a 3 – input AND gate that encodes control logic to the driver stage realized using NPN Bipolar junction transistors which energize three electromagnetic relays. These relays in turn energize single coil three contacts contactors that switch the phases. (Manaha, 2008) A control/switching circuit is also integrated that takes care of the Gen set switching whenever at least one phase from mains is low/faulty.
1.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
The project design and implementation of automatic 3 – phase change – over with Gen set switching is built in several functional blocks all combined to form one functional unit. The first is made up of regulated Dc voltage power supply unit whose output is compared and fed into 74 LS11 that generates the control logic. This logic is used to bias the driver stage which energizes electromagnetic relay. These relays serve as auxiliary to a single coil 3 – contact contactor of suitable rating. The Gen set switching module incorporates delay timer and solid state relay that takes care of the process.
The project, so constructed is packaged in a plastic casing for compatibility. On the surface of the package, there are three 100k vol/pot which are used to demonstrate low voltage in a given phase. Three amber LEDs represents the mains while the three blue LEDs are for the Gen set. And these make up of the panel indicator.
1.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
One of the objectives of this project is to design and construct an automatic 3 – phase change – over with Gen set switching facility which will automatically switch ON/OFF Gen set and change over between PHCN and Gen set. It is also aimed at exposing the graduating student to electronics system designing using random logic – especially in designing in industries and power electronic. Another objective of this study is to ground the graduating students in Engineering, scientific and technical writing which is indispensable in their professional practice.
1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
This project work signifies a lot in industrial automation and power electronics. It is very useful in wood processing industries, oil rig equipments and other manufacturing industries that used 3 – phase machines. A project of this nature can be modified to function as automatic phase selector which can be used anywhere.
1.4. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project work covers the following; transistor drivers, electromagnetic relay, contractors, 3 – input AND gate encoder, shunt regulation and comparator using Zener diode, delay/un-delay timer and other system components. It x-rays the design calculations of the basic circuit parameters and areas of application of the system.
1.5. PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
This project report is presented in six chapters to appropriately illustrate the steps involved in its implementation.
Chapter one introduces the project overview objectives and its significance. Chapter in basically the literature review and some theories relevant to the design chapter three x –rays the methodology and analysis while chapter four covers the system design and description. Chapter five elaborates on the implementation, testing and result. Finally, chapter six is about the summary of the entire theories and recommendation.