<p> Table of Contents&nbsp;</p><p>Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................v List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii Abbreviations..................................................................................................................................ix

Chapter ONE

: Introduction................................................................................................................1 1.1 Research Contribution ............................................................................................................4&nbsp;</p><p>1.2 Chapter Outline.......................................................................................................................7

Chapter TWO

: Gung Ho ..................................................................................................................11 2.1 Cooperatives.........................................................................................................................11 2.1.1 Cooperative Definition...................................................................................................11&nbsp;</p><p>2.1.2 Types of Cooperative Enterprise ...................................................................................16&nbsp;</p><p>2.1.3 Cooperatives: development and modern significance ...................................................17&nbsp;</p><p>2.2 History of Cooperatives in China .........................................................................................18&nbsp;</p><p>2.3 The Gung Ho Movement......................................................................................................22 2.3.1 Rewi Alley and the beginning of the Gung Ho movement............................................22&nbsp;</p><p>2.3.2 The Gung Ho Movement Goes into Hiatus ...................................................................24&nbsp;</p><p>2.3.3 Revival of the International Committee for Chinese Industrial Cooperatives...............24&nbsp;</p><p>2.4 The New Zealand China Friendship Society........................................................................26 2.4.1 Establishment of New Zealand China Friendship Society ............................................26&nbsp;</p><p>2.4.2 New Zealand China Friendship Society and the Gung Ho Movement..........................26&nbsp;</p><p>2.5 Shandan County....................................................................................................................27 2.5.1 The Shandan Bailie School............................................................................................28&nbsp;</p><p>2.5.2 Shandan Cooperative Experimental Zone .....................................................................29&nbsp;</p><p>2.5.3 Work of New Zealand China Friendship Society in Shandan .......................................29&nbsp;</p><p>2.6 The 2007 Farmers’ Professional Cooperative Law ..............................................................30 2.6.1 Definition of a cooperative under Chinese Law ............................................................30&nbsp;</p><p>2.6.2 Chinese Cooperative Principles.....................................................................................31&nbsp;</p><p>2.6.3 Development of Chinese Cooperatives under the 2007 Law.........................................33&nbsp;</p><p>2.7 Conclusion............................................................................................................................35

Chapter 3

: Cooperative Democracy ...............................................................................................36 3.1 Historical Development of a Democratic Workplace...........................................................36&nbsp;</p><p>3.2 Variations in Terminology....................................................................................................40&nbsp;</p><p>3.3 Working Definition of Workplace Democratization ............................................................43&nbsp;</p><p>3.3.1 ‘Measuring’ workplace democracy................................................................................47&nbsp;</p><p>3.4 Workplace Democratization within Cooperatives................................................................49&nbsp;</p><p>3.5 Workplace Democracy within Chinese Cooperatives..........................................................61&nbsp;</p><p>3.6 Conclusion............................................................................................................................70

Chapter FOUR

: Cooperatives as relationships of power ..................................................................72 4.1 The Contested Nature of Democracy ...................................................................................73&nbsp;</p><p>4.2 Organization and Power .......................................................................................................74</p><p>&nbsp;4.3 Discursive Reality.................................................................................................................76&nbsp;</p><p>4.4 Critical Discourse Analysis view of power..........................................................................81&nbsp;</p><p>4.5 Foucaldian Discourse Analysis view of power ....................................................................82&nbsp;</p><p>4.6 Examples of Foucaldian Discourse Analysis in management studies..................................89&nbsp;</p><p>4.7 Critiques of Foucaldian Discourse Analysis ........................................................................94&nbsp;</p><p>4.8 Cooperatives as Relationships of Power ..............................................................................97&nbsp;</p><p>4.9 Conclusion............................................................................................................................97

Chapter FIVE

: Research Design ......................................................................................................99 5.1 Research Strategies.............................................................................................................100 5.1.1 An ethnographic approach ...........................................................................................102&nbsp;</p><p>5.2 Locating myself as a researcher..........................................................................................104</p><p>5.3 Data Collection...................................................................................................................106 5.3.1 Interviews.....................................................................................................................107&nbsp;</p><p>5.3.2 Observation ..................................................................................................................112&nbsp;</p><p>5.3.3 Secondary Data ............................................................................................................113&nbsp;</p><p>5.4 Translation..........................................................................................................................114&nbsp;</p><p>5.5 Ethical Implications............................................................................................................115&nbsp;</p><p>5.6 Methodological Limitations ...............................................................................................116&nbsp;</p><p>5.7 Data Analysis......................................................................................................................119&nbsp;</p><p>5.8 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................128 Chapter 6: What’s in a name? Exploring the meanings of the Cooperative Enterprise in China 129 6.1 Local experience versus international standards................................................................132&nbsp;</p><p>6.2 Under the Influence ............................................................................................................139&nbsp;</p><p>6.3 Common people, uncommon knowledge ...........................................................................149&nbsp;</p><p>6.4 Progress not Perfection.......................................................................................................157&nbsp;</p><p>6.5 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................161 Chapter 7: The Meanings and Practice of Democracy in Chinese Cooperatives.........................163 viii 7.1 Chinese Democratic Parameters.........................................................................................163 7.2 Democratic Meanings.........................................................................................................169&nbsp;</p><p>7.3 Cooperative Democracy in Practice ...................................................................................176&nbsp;</p><p>7.4 The role of leadership.........................................................................................................187&nbsp;</p><p>7.5 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................195 Chapter 8: Discussion...................................................................................................................196 8.1 Inconsistencies and opportunities in defining a ‘true’ Chinese cooperative ......................197&nbsp;</p><p>8.2 Workplace Democracy and the leader/ member relationship.............................................205&nbsp;</p><p>8.3 The Chinese Communist Party and its relationship to Workplace Democracy in the Shandan cooperatives...............................................................................................................213&nbsp;</p><p>8.4 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................222 Chapter 9: Conclusion..................................................................................................................224 9.1 Key Arguments...................................................................................................................224&nbsp;</p><p>9.2 Contributions to the study of workplace democracy and cooperatives..............................231&nbsp;</p><p>9.3 Methodological Contributions............................................................................................235&nbsp;</p><p>9.4 Practical Implications.........................................................................................................236&nbsp;</p><p>9.5 Future Research ..................................................................................................................237 9.6 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................240 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................242 Appendix A: Interview Questions for ICCIC Members in Beijing and Shanghai.......................269 Appendix B: Interview Questions for Cooperative Leaders........................................................271 Appendix C: Interview Questions for Cooperative Members......................................................273 Appendix D: Observation Guidelines..........................................................................................275&nbsp;</p>