Home / Biology edcuation / Macrophyte distribution in relation to water quality parameters in selected ponds along ikot akpadem access road, akwa ibom state

Macrophyte distribution in relation to water quality parameters in selected ponds along ikot akpadem access road, akwa ibom state

 

Table Of Contents

<p> </p><p>1.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br>Introduction … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1</p><p>1.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Background of the Study &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1</p><p>1.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Statement<br>of Research Problem &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>1.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Aim of<br>the Study &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>1.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Objectives of the Study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p><b>

Chapter TWO

</b></p><p>2.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Literature Review &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9</p><p>2.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Aquatic macrophyetes &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 11</p><p>2.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Emergent Macrophytes &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 11</p><p>2.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Free-floating macraphytes … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12</p><p>2.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Submerged macrophytes &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12</p><p>2.5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Impact of Aquatic Macrophytes on their<br>Environment &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 13</p><p><b>

Chapter THREE

: MATERIALS AND METHODS</b></p><p>3.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Study<br>Area &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 16</p><p>3.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Vegetation<br>Sampling and Collection of Water Samples &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 16</p><p>3.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Quantitative<br>Determination of Vegetation Parameters … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>3.3.1 &nbsp; Density &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>3.3.2 &nbsp; Frequency &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>3.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Analysis of the Water Samples &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>3.4.1<br>&nbsp; Conductivity Determination &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 18</p><p>3.4.2 &nbsp; Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Determination &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 18</p><p>3.4.3 &nbsp; Temperature Determination &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 18</p><p>3.4.4 &nbsp; Phosphate Determination &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>3.4.5 &nbsp; Nitrate Determination &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>3.4.6 &nbsp; Total Suspended Solids Determination &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>3.4.7 &nbsp; pH Determination &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>3.4.8 &nbsp; Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>3.4.9 &nbsp; Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand<br>(BOD) &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>3.4.10 Salinity &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 21</p><p>3.4.11 Turbidity &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 21</p><p>3.4.12 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 22</p><p>3.4.13 Alkalinity Determination &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 23</p><p>3.4.14 Chloride Determination &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 23</p><p>3.5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Statistical Analysis … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 24</p><p><b>

Chapter FOUR

: RESULTS<br></b></p><p>4.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Results &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 25</p><p>4.1.1 &nbsp; Vegetation<br>Characteristics of the Pond &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 25</p><p>4.1.2 &nbsp; Physicochemical<br>Characteristics of Water &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 27</p><p><b>

Chapter FIVE

: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; DISCUSSION,</b><b>&nbsp;CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION</b></p><p>5.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Discussion &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 36</p><p>5.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Conclusion &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 39</p><p>5.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Recommendation &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 40</p><p><b>REFERENCES<br></b></p><p><b>LIST OF TABLES</b></p><p>Table 4.1: Vegetation Characteristics of the ponds &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 26</p><p>Table 4.2: Physicochemical Characteristics within<br>the ponds … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 29</p><p><b>LIST OF FIGURES</b></p><p>Figure 1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i>&nbsp;with pH &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>Figure 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i>&nbsp;with BOD &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 31</p><p>Figure 3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density <i>of Nymphaea lotus</i>&nbsp;with DO &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 31</p><p>Figure 4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i>&nbsp;with phosphates – &nbsp; 32</p><p>Figure 5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density of <i>Nymphaea lotus</i>&nbsp;with nitrates &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; 32</p><p>Figure<br>6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Regression of density of <i>Cryptosperma senegalense</i>&nbsp;with &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; pH &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; … &nbsp;&amp;nb</p> <br><p></p>

Project Abstract

Macrophyte distribution in relation to
water quality parameters in roadside ponds was studied in a seasonal wetland at
Mkpat EninLocal Government Area of
Akwa Ibom State. Systematic sampling method was used in sampling the vegetation
using a quadrant of 5mx5m space at regular intervals. The vegetation parameters such as density and frequency were
determined. Water sample was also collected at different point in the pond and
their physiochemical characteristic were analysed. Ten (10) flora species belonging
to 10 families were recorded. Cryptosperma
senegalense was the species with the highest richness with density value of
(9500±150.63st/ha) and this followed by Nymphea
lotus (6000±138.36st/ha). The least density value was associated with Alchornea cordifolia (300±43.54st/ha). Crypstosperma senegalense also had the highest
frequency (100%) while the least frequency value of 25% was associated with
species such as Alchornea cordifolia,
Heteranthera cordifolia, Lygodium sp. and physalis angulata respectively. This study shows that water
properties have substantial effect on the distribution of macrophyte species
and that the density of each species correlated positively or negatively with
water parameters. The study provides a baseline information towards the
monitoring and management of ponds and other wetland ecosystems within the
State.

Project Overview

Purchase This Research

Blazingprojects Mobile App

📚 Over 50,000 Project Materials
📱 100% Offline: No internet needed
📝 Over 98 Departments
🔍 Software coding and Machine construction
🎓 Postgraduate/Undergraduate Research works
📥 Instant Whatsapp/Email Delivery

Blazingprojects App
Install Mobile App

Related Research

Biology edcuation. 2 min read

Assessing the effectiveness of multimedia simulations in teaching cellular respirat...

...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Biology edcuation. 3 min read

Exploring the impact of outdoor fieldwork on student attitudes towards biology....

...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Biology edcuation. 2 min read

Investigating the use of concept mapping in teaching biological classification....

...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Biology edcuation. 4 min read

Analyzing the influence of cultural diversity on biology education....

...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Biology edcuation. 4 min read

Assessing the impact of cooperative learning on student understanding of genetics....

...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Biology edcuation. 4 min read

Investigating the effectiveness of online quizzes in promoting biology knowledge re...

...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Biology edcuation. 4 min read

Exploring the use of storytelling in teaching ecological concepts....

...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Biology edcuation. 2 min read

Analyzing the impact of teacher-student relationships on student achievement in biol...

...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
Biology edcuation. 4 min read

Investigating the role of metacognitive strategies in biology learning....

...

BP
Blazingprojects
Read more →
WhatsApp Click here to chat with us