<p>1. Introduction<br> 1.1 Background<br> 1.2 Objectives<br>2. Principles of Hydroponics<br> 2.1 Definition and Concept<br> 2.2 Nutrient Solution<br> 2.3 Plant Growth Mediums<br>3. Types of Hydroponic Systems<br> 3.1 Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)<br> 3.2 Deep Water Culture (DWC)<br> 3.3 Ebb and Flow (Flood and Drain)<br> 3.4 Drip Irrigation<br> 3.5 Aeroponics<br>4. Advantages of Hydroponics<br> 4.1 Water Efficiency<br> 4.2 Nutrient Control<br> 4.3 Space Optimization<br> 4.4 Reduced Pest and Disease Risks<br> 4.5 Year-Round Cultivation<br>5. Applications of Hydroponics in Agric and Bioresources Engineering<br> 5.1 Urban Agriculture<br> 5.2 Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)<br> 5.3 Vertical Farming<br> 5.4 Greenhouse Cultivation<br> 5.5 Research and Education<br>6. Challenges and Future Directions<br> 6.1 Cost and Energy Efficiency<br> 6.2 Nutrient Management<br> 6.3 Automation and Monitoring<br> 6.4 Scaling Up for Commercial Production<br> 6.5 Integration with Renewable Energy Sources<br>7. Conclusion<br> 7.1 Summary of Key Findings<br> 7.2 Implications for Agric and Bioresources Engineering<br> 7.3 Recommendations for Future Research<br></p>
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