Thesis Abstract

Abstract
The production of chemical insecticides using neem oil involves several key processes that are crucial for the effectiveness and safety of the final product. Neem oil, derived from the seeds of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), has been traditionally used in various cultures for its insecticidal properties. The active compounds in neem oil, such as azadirachtin, disrupt the growth and development of insect pests, making it a potent natural insecticide. The production process starts with the extraction of neem oil from the seeds through mechanical pressing or solvent extraction methods. The quality of neem oil is essential for the efficacy of the insecticide, so care must be taken to ensure that the oil is pure and free from impurities. Once the neem oil is extracted, it can be used directly as an insecticide or further processed to enhance its effectiveness. Formulation of neem oil insecticides involves blending the neem oil with other ingredients such as emulsifiers, surfactants, and stabilizers to improve its stability and dispersibility. The formulation process is crucial in determining the shelf life and performance of the insecticide. Various formulations, such as emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and granules, can be produced depending on the target pest and application method. Testing and evaluation of neem oil insecticides are essential to ensure their efficacy and safety. Bioassays are commonly used to determine the insecticidal activity of the product against specific pests. Additionally, studies on the persistence, phytotoxicity, and environmental impact of the insecticide are conducted to assess its overall safety and potential risks. The production of chemical insecticides using neem oil offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional synthetic pesticides. Neem oil insecticides are biodegradable and have minimal impact on non-target organisms, making them suitable for integrated pest management strategies. Furthermore, neem oil has shown promising effects in controlling a wide range of insect pests, including aphids, mites, caterpillars, and beetles. In conclusion, the production of chemical insecticides using neem oil involves various processes from extraction to formulation and testing. Neem oil insecticides offer a natural and effective solution for pest control while minimizing environmental risks. Further research and development in this field can lead to innovative insecticidal products with increased efficacy and safety profiles.

Thesis Overview

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to Wikipedia “An insecticide is a chemical used against insects. They include homicides and parricides used against the eggs and larvae of insects, respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry, and general home use. The use of insecticides is believed to be one of the major factors behind the increase in agricultural productivity in the 20th century.   Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans; and others are concentrated in the food chain.

The classification of insecticides is done in several different ways

• Systemic insecticides are incorporated by treated plants. Insects ingest the insecticide while feeding on the plants.
• Contact insecticides are toxic to insects brought into direct contact. Efficacy is often related to the quality of pesticide application, with small droplets (such as aerosols) often improving performance.
• Natural insecticides, such as nicotine, pyrethrum, and neem extracts are made by plants as defenses against insects. Nicotine-based insecticides are still being widely used in the US and Canada, however they are barred in the EU
• Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) are insecticidal substances produced by plants after genetic modification. For instance, a gene that codes for a specific Baccilus thuringiensis biocidal protein is introduced into a crop plant’s genetic material. Then, the plant manufactures the protein. Since the biocide is incorporated into the plant, additional applications, at least of the same compound, are not required.
• Inorganic insecticides are manufactured with metals and include arsenates, copper compounds and fluorine compounds, which are now seldom used, and sulfur, which is commonly used.
• Organic insecticides are synthetic chemicals that comprise the largest numbers of pesticides available for use today.
• Mode of action—how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest—is another way of classifying insecticides. Mode of action is important in predicting whether an insecticide will be toxic to unrelated species, such as fish, birds, and mammals.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on the production of chemical insecticides using neem oil and the process or procedures involve in neem oil.

 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to known and illustrate the following:

1.     The equipment involve in the production of chemical insecticide using neem oil

2.     The quality or measurement of the materials needed for the production of chemical insecticide using neem oil

3.     The acidic content of the materials needed for the production of chemical insecticide using neem oil