Thesis Abstract

Abstract
The construction of an open steam distillation column involves the design and assembly of an apparatus that facilitates the separation of volatile compounds from a mixture through the process of steam distillation. This project aims to create a functional and cost-effective distillation column that can be used in educational settings to demonstrate the principles of distillation and essential oil extraction. The construction process involves selecting appropriate materials such as borosilicate glass for the column body, glass adapters and connectors, and a heat source such as a hot plate. The column is designed to allow the introduction of steam at the bottom, which carries the volatile compounds upward, where they condense and are collected in a separate receiver. The design includes provisions for temperature monitoring and control to optimize the distillation process. The assembly of the distillation column requires careful attention to detail to ensure proper sealing of joints and connections to prevent steam leaks and loss of volatile compounds. The use of appropriate lab glassware techniques and tools is essential to achieve a functional distillation apparatus. Once constructed, the distillation column can be used to extract essential oils from plant materials or separate volatile compounds from mixtures for educational or small-scale production purposes. The open design of the column allows for easy observation of the distillation process, making it an excellent tool for teaching students about the principles of distillation and the properties of different compounds. Overall, the construction of an open steam distillation column provides an opportunity to learn about the process of steam distillation and its applications in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, perfumery, and food production. By following proper construction techniques and utilizing quality materials, a functional distillation column can be built for educational or small-scale production use.

Thesis Overview

1.0     INTRODUCTION

Distillation is a separating technique in which two liquids are separated at essentially the same temperature and pressure.  It is also the term used to describe the operation where the vaporization of a liquid mixture yields a vapor phase containing more than one constituents and it is desired to recover one or more of this constituents in a nearly pure state.

It would probably be beneficial to define the terms that describe the process and related properties.  Let us begin by describing the process by which a substance transformed from the condensed phase to the gas phase.  For liquid, this process is called VAPORIZATION and for a solid it is called SUBMIATIN, both processes requires heat.  All substances regardless whether they are liquids or solids are characterized by a vapor pressure.  The vapor pressure of a pure substance is the pressure exerted by the substance against the external pressure which is usually  atmospheric pressure. Vapor pressure is a measure of the tendency to escape.  When the vapor pressure of a liquid substance reaches the external pressure the substance is observed to Boil.  If the external pressure is atmospheric pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance boils is called the NORMAL BOILING POINT.  Solid substances are not characterized by a similar phenomena called BOILING.  They simply vaporize directly into the atmosphere.

Generally speaking, distillation, stripping, absorption, humidification are industrial stage wise operations which involves the contact of two phases in various apparatus.  Completion of separation depends upon certain properties of components involved and the arrangement of the distillation process.

The properties involved are:

–                     Mode of temperature and process control

–                     The relative volatility between the liquid and vapor phases

–                     The production capacity of the distiller

–                     The type of distillation involved

However, the importance of distillation in commercial process is the purification of a large variety of material and petroleum industries.  It is applied in the production of hot drinks in chemical industries.  Also, applied in oil companies for the separation of petroleum into its various components e.g kerosene, diesel, gasoline, petrol, fuel, oil, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, aliphatic etc.  Lastly, it is equally applied in pharmaceutical industries for the production of ethylated spirits and many other medical strubs.