<p> TABLE OF CONTENTS</p><p>&nbsp;

Chapter 1

ORIENTATION TO THE STUDY      Pages INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1&nbsp;</p><p>BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM................................... 2&nbsp;</p><p>RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY ................................................................... 3&nbsp;</p><p>SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY................................................................. 4&nbsp;</p><p>AIMS OF THE INVESTIGATION................................................................. 4&nbsp;</p><p>STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .............................................................. 4&nbsp;</p><p>RESEARCH STRATEGY AND RESEARCH METHOD............................ 5&nbsp;</p><p>ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................... 5&nbsp;</p><p>DEMARCATION OF THE STUDY ............................................................... 6</p><p>&nbsp;DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS ....................................................................... 6</p><p>&nbsp;Adolescence ....................................................................................................... 6</p><p>&nbsp;Adolescent ......................................................................................................... 6 Substance............................................................................................................ 6&nbsp;</p><p>Substance use .................................................................................................... 7&nbsp;</p><p>Substance dependence ...................................................................................... 7&nbsp;</p><p>OUTLINE OF THE STUDY ........................................................................... 7</p><p>&nbsp;CHAPTER SUMMARY .................................................................................. 8&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter 2

</p><p>&nbsp;LITERATURE REVIEW OF ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE USE INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 9</p><p>&nbsp;TYPES OF ABUSED SUBSTANCES............................................................. 9</p><p>&nbsp;PREVALENCE OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE AMONG ADOLESCENTS .............................................................................................. 9&nbsp;</p><p>THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE CAUSE OF viii SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE .................................................................... 11&nbsp;</p><p>Developmental theories..................................................................................... 12&nbsp;</p><p>The development of identity ............................................................................... 13&nbsp;</p><p>Identity confusion............................................................................................... 14&nbsp;</p><p>Disease or biological theories .......................................................................... 16&nbsp;</p><p>Psychological theories ....................................................................................... 18</p><p>&nbsp;Learning theories............................................................................................... 19</p><p>&nbsp;Progression theory............................................................................................. 21</p><p>&nbsp;Economic theories ............................................................................................. 21&nbsp;</p><p>Symbolic interaction theory ............................................................................. 22&nbsp;</p><p>Social control theory ......................................................................................... 24&nbsp;</p><p>Availability theory............................................................................................. 26&nbsp;</p><p>EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE............................................................. 27&nbsp;</p><p>Health effects of substances.............................................................................. 27&nbsp;</p><p>Substance dependence........................................................................................ 27&nbsp;</p><p>Social effects of substances ............................................................................... 35</p><p>&nbsp;Economic effects of substance abuse .............................................................. 37&nbsp;</p><p>SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF ZEERUST DISTRICT ...................... 38&nbsp;</p><p>Demographic profile ......................................................................................... 40&nbsp;</p><p>Population size and population growth ............................................................. 40</p><p>&nbsp;Number of households ....................................................................................... 40&nbsp;</p><p>Urbanisation rate................................................................................................ 40</p><p>&nbsp;Labour profile.................................................................................................... 40&nbsp;</p><p>Number and rate of unemployment................................................................... 41&nbsp;</p><p>Informal and formal sector employment........................................................... 41&nbsp;</p><p>Poverty rate ......................................................................................................... 41&nbsp;</p><p>Educational profile............................................................................................. 41&nbsp;</p><p>PROFILE OF ADOLESCENTS IN ZEERUST DISTRICT ........................ 42&nbsp;</p><p>CHAPTER SUMMARY................................................................................... 43 ix&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter 3

</p><p>&nbsp;RESEARCH METHOD INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 44&nbsp;</p><p>QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN........................................................ 44&nbsp;</p><p>SAMPLING ....................................................................................................... 46&nbsp;</p><p>Eligibility criteria .............................................................................................. 47&nbsp;</p><p>THE INTERVIEW SETTING......................................................................... 47&nbsp;</p><p>RESEARCHER’S ROLE ................................................................................. 47&nbsp;</p><p>WAYS OF RECRUITING PARTICIPANTS ................................................ 48&nbsp;</p><p>DATA COLLECTION ..................................................................................... 48&nbsp;</p><p>Unstructured interviews ................................................................................... 49&nbsp;</p><p>Genograms ......................................................................................................... 51 Observation........................................................................................................ 52</p><p>&nbsp;PILOT STUDY.................................................................................................. 52</p><p>&nbsp;ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................... 54&nbsp;</p><p>Permission to conduct the study ...................................................................... 54 Debriefing........................................................................................................... 54</p><p>&nbsp;Voluntary participation .................................................................................... 54&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;Informed consent.............................................................................................. 54&nbsp;</p><p>Protection of participants ................................................................................. 55&nbsp;</p><p>Confidentiality ................................................................................................... 55</p><p>&nbsp;DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 55&nbsp;</p><p>Thematic analysis .............................................................................................. 56&nbsp;</p><p>Advantages and disadvantages of thematic analysis...................................... 59&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;x RESEARCH BENEFITS.................................................................................. 59</p><p>&nbsp;CHAPTER SUMMARY................................................................................... 60&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter 4

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 61</p><p>&nbsp;BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF PARTICIPANTS .......................................... 61&nbsp;</p><p>THEMATIC DATA ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 73 RESULTS........................................................................................................... 83</p><p>&nbsp;Age and grade for substance use...................................................................... 83</p><p>&nbsp;Substances of abuse and setting ....................................................................... 83&nbsp;</p><p>Reasons for substance use................................................................................. 83</p><p>&nbsp;Experimentation ................................................................................................. 84</p><p>&nbsp;Depression .......................................................................................................... 84</p><p>&nbsp;Biological reasons .............................................................................................. 84</p><p>&nbsp;Peer group pressure............................................................................................ 85&nbsp;</p><p>Availability ......................................................................................................... 85</p><p>&nbsp;Family factors..................................................................................................... 86&nbsp;</p><p>Maintaining the substance abuse habit ........................................................... 87&nbsp;</p><p>Stopping substance abuse ................................................................................. 88</p><p>&nbsp;Effects of substance abuse ................................................................................ 88&nbsp;</p><p>CHAPTER SUMMARY................................................................................... 90&nbsp;</p><p>

Chapter 5

DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 91&nbsp;</p><p>AGE AND GRADE FOR USE OF SUBSTANCES ....................................... 91&nbsp;</p><p>NATURE OF SUBSTANCES ABUSED BY MALE ADOLESCENT......... 91</p><p>&nbsp;MODES OF SUBSTANCE USE...................................................................... 92</p><p>&nbsp;PROGRESSION IN THE USE OF DRUGS................................................... 92 xi&nbsp;</p><p>SETTING FOR SUBSTANCE USE................................................................ 93&nbsp;</p><p>MAINTAINING SUBSTANCE ABUSE HABIT........................................... 93&nbsp;</p><p>REASONS FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE ......................................................... 94&nbsp;</p><p>Developmental stage of adolescence ................................................................ 94 Depression.......................................................................................................... 95&nbsp;</p><p>Family structure ................................................................................................ 95&nbsp;</p><p>Parenting style ................................................................................................... 96&nbsp;</p><p>Educational level of parents ............................................................................. 97&nbsp;</p><p>Availability of substances ................................................................................. 97&nbsp;</p><p>Learned behaviour ............................................................................................ 98&nbsp;</p><p>Media .................................................................................................................. 99&nbsp;</p><p>The school environment.................................................................................... 99&nbsp;</p><p>EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE............................................................. 100&nbsp;</p><p>Social effects....................................................................................................... 100&nbsp;</p><p>Health effects ..................................................................................................... 100&nbsp;</p><p>Economic effects ................................................................................................ 101&nbsp;</p><p>CHAPTER SUMMARY................................................................................... 102&nbsp;</p><p>CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 103 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................. 103</p><p>&nbsp;LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY.................................................................. 104 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................. 106&nbsp;</p><p>Future research ................................................................................................. 106</p><p>&nbsp;Policy implications............................................................................................. 107&nbsp;</p><p>Training and development................................................................................ 108</p><p>&nbsp;REFLECTIONS ................................................................................................ 112&nbsp;</p><p>Adolescent stage................................................................................................. 113&nbsp;</p><p>Peer group pressure .......................................................................................... 113 Poverty................................................................................................................ 113&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;xii Child- headed family......................................................................................... 113&nbsp;</p><p>CHAPTER SUMMARY................................................................................... 114 REFERENCES.................................................................................................. 115&nbsp;</p><p>APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 125&nbsp;</p>