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APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN THE POPULATION STUDY OF ACHARA LAYOUT ENUGU, ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN THE POPULATION STUDY OF ACHARA LAYOUT ENUGU, ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA
Table Of Contents
Cover page
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Organization of the work
Table of Contents
Chapter ONE
:INTRODUCTION- - - - - - - .- - - - - 1
1.0 Introduction- - - - .- - - - .- - .- - .1
1.1 Background of study- - - - - .- - .- .- - .- - 1
1.2 Statement of problem- - - - - - - .- .- .- - 2
1.3 Aim- - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- .3
1.4 Objectives- - - - - - - - .- - .- - - 3
1.5 Scope of work - - - - - - - - - .- - - .3
1.6 Study Area- - - - - .- - - - .- .- .4
1.7 Benefits And Contribution- - - - - - - - - - .5
Chapter TWO
:LITERATURE REVIEW- - - - - - .6
2.1 Description of Geographic information system- - - - - .- .- - .7
2.2 Population studies using Remote sensing and GIS- .- - - - - - .- - - 8
2.2.1 Background- - - - - - - - - .- .- - - - - - - - 8
2.2.2 Population density model from urban Geography- - - .- - - - - - .9
2.3 Population Estimation methods- - - - - - - .9
2.3.1 Area interpolation methods- - - - .- - - .- - - .10
2.3.2 Point Based Methods- - - - - - - .- - - .11
2.3.3 Area based method- - - - - .- - - - - 13
2.3.4 Statisitcal Modelling method- - - - - - - 19
2.4 Summary- - .- - - .- - - - .- - - - - - - - - .26
Chapter THREE
:METHODOLOGY
3.1 Flow Chart- - - - - .- - - .- .- - - .29
3.2 Project Planning- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .30
3.3 Data Acquisition- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30
3.4 Tools and components used- - - - - - - - - - - - .32
3.5 Data Sources- - - - - - - - - - .- - - 33
3.6 Data Processing- - - - - .- - - - - - - - - 34
3.6.1 Scanning - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34
3.6.2 Data Georefrencing- - - - - - - - - .34
3.6.3 Data Vectorization- - - - - - - 38
3.6.4. Shape Files in Arc GIS- - - - - - - - - - .39
3.6.4.1Features in Shape files - - - - - - .- .- - - - - 39
3.6.5 Digitizing a map- - - - .- - - - - - - 40
3.6.6Data base structure for Population census- - - - .- .- - - - 41
3.6.6.1Conceptual Design - - - - - .- - - - - - - - 42
3.6.6.2Entity Relationship Model- - - - .- - - .43
3.6.6.3Logical Design- - - - - - - - - - - - - 44
3.6.6.4Physical Database Design- - - - .- - - - - - 45
3.7 User Requirement- - - - - .- - - - - - - - .47
3.7.1 Database Design for Achara Layout- - - - - - .- - .47
Chapter FOUR
:RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Results- - - .- .- - - - - - - - - 49
4.1.1 Analyses- - - - .- - .- - - - - - .- - 49
4.1.2 Estimation of population data per household through satellite image- - 49
4.1.3 Estimation of population study by Block Parcel- - .- - - .51
4.1.4 Population Density- - - - - - - - - - - 54
4.2 Comparative analysis of population data from National Population
Commission and that gotten from Remote sensing and GIS application- - - .57
Chapter FIVE
:CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59
5.2 limitations of using remote sensing method for population studies- - - - .59
5.2.1 Image Classification- - - - - - - - - - - 60
5.2.2 3D nature of urban areas- - - - - - - .- 60
5.3 Recommendations- - - - - .- - - - .61
REFERENCES- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .68
APPENDICES- - - - - - .- - .- - 69
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE
Figure 1 Overview Map Showing Achara Layout - - - - - - - .- - .5
Figure 3.1 Flow Chart of Project Plan- - - - - - - .- - - .29
Figure 3.2 Map of Achara Layout as Designed by Town Planning unit- - 31
Figure 3.3 QuickBird Image of Enugu Metropolis- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32
Figure 3.4 Selecting Georefrencing in ArcMap- - - - - .- - - - - 35
Figure 3.5 Selecting Georefrencing in ArcMap .- - - - - - - 35
Figure 3.6 Positioning of The Cross Hair- - - - .- .- - - 36
Figure 3.7 Georefrencing The Scanned Map- - - - - .- .- .37
Figure 3.8 Digitized Block Parcel- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38
Figure 3.9 Digitizing Of Building Through Satellite Imagery Of Study Area.39
Figure 4.0 Joining Table in ArcGIS Environment- - - .- - - - - - 42
Figure 4.1 Building ER Diagram- - - - - - .- - .- - .43
Figure 4.2 Block of ER Diagram- - - - - - - .- .- 43
Figure 4.3 Population of ER Diagram- - - .- - - - - .43
Figure 4.4 Relationship Between Entities- - - - - - - .- .44
Figure 4.5 Population Concentration Map By Block Parcel- - .- .- - 51
Figure 4.6 Population Density Map By Block Parcel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .55
Figure 4.7 Enugu state 2006 Population Census Result- - .- .- .56
Figure 4.8 Enugu South L.G.A. 2006 Population Census Result- .- - .- - 57
LIST OF TABLES PAGE
Table 1.0 Geodatabase of Extracted Houses from Imagery- - - .- - - 45
Table 2.0 Field Survey data of Achara Layout using MS Excel- - .- .46
Table 3.0 Field Survey data of Achara Layout using ArcGIS- - - .- - 47
Table 4.1 Sample Census Per Building- - - - - - - - 50
Table 4.2 Detail of Population Study Area Per Block Parcel- - - - 53
Table
4.4 Comparative Analysis of Population Data From NPC And Data Got From
Remote Sensing for Achara Layout Enugu State - - - - - - .59
Thesis Abstract
This project is an attempt to study population distribution in Achara Layout Enugu, in Enugu State through integration of Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The Remote sensing data used in this study included high spatial resolution Quick Bird imagery. Questionnaires were given out for use in generating the desired product in an interactive GIS environment. Field site capturing was based on basic survey principle, technique and instruction. Field work was done to determine the type of building appearing in the satellite imagery and the no of rooms estimated, thus a standard family size gotten. After estimating the population size of Achara Layout, the result was compared to the population data gotten from National Population Commission for Achara Layout Enugu state which was divided into two as it comprised of data for Achara Layout and Idaw River Layout Enugu as directed by National Population Commission Enugu. The methodology involved carrying out a user needs assessment, collection of map from Enugu State Town Planning Department of Ministry of Land, collection of Population census data from National Population Commission, rigorous field work, data processing, comparison of results and presentation of results. The average difference between the population recorded in the 2006 then projected to 2015, and that estimated from Quick Bird images for Achara Layout Enugu, is found to be equal to 1.61%. Results from Arc GIS were presented in form of map while results from Microsoft Excel environment were presented in form of table.Thesis Overview
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACK GROUND OF STUDY
Although
numerous estimates of the Nigerian population were made during the
colonial period, the first attempt at a nationwide census was during
1952-53.
This attempt yielded a total population figure of 31.6 million within
the current boundaries of the country. This census has usually been
considered
an undercount for a number of reasons: apprehension
that the census was related to tax collection; political tension at the
time in eastern Nigeria;
logistical difficulties in reaching
many remote areas; and inadequate training of enumerators in some areas.
The extent of undercounting has been estimated at 10 percent or less,
although accuracy probably varied among the regions.
Despite
its difficulties, the 1952-53 census has generally been seen as less
problematic than any of its successors. Subsequent attempts to conduct a
reliable
post-independence census have been mired in controversy, and only one
was officially accepted. A good census estimate of a country population
can help a country plan for present and future development and so much more.
The
data generated from population census are analyzed and used to
calculate for various needs like gender ratio, indigenes and
non-indigenes, migrants and immigrants e.t.c However, remotely sensed
data offers the means to measure
spatial attributes of the
urban landscape. In the past, researchers remain depended on "Aerial
Photographs" because of their fine spatial resolution to
get
accurate data about size of houses and their volumes and consequently
estimates of population (Adeniyi, 1983; Lo and Chan, 1980).In addition
to
that, remotely sensed data provide a wider spectral
coverage (number of bands). Due to these advantages, there is a general
trend towards using
remotely sensed data for census studies.
The
rapid growth of computer technology, such as Geographic Information
System (GIS), has been widely used in various fields since it was being
born
in year 1989. A GIS is a powerful configuration of
computer hardware and software used for compiling, storing, managing,
manipulating, analyzing, and
mapping (displaying) spatially-referenced information. (Haestad Methods,2003).
The
use of GIS for population studies ranges from creation of maps to
modelling the relationship between population variables (Baudot, 2001;
Forbes,
1984; Langford and Unwin, 1994; Martin, 1989; Rhind, 1991. This project
presents the integration of Geographic Information System
(GIS)
and remote sensing to carry out some modeling related to population
density. The integration normally takes the form of using remote sensing
data
as a source of data or using GIS as in-situ tool. The results of analysis are integrated for further spatial analysis.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There
is need to represent properly the number of populace living in every
location. The inability to properly represent the figures or get a
fairly
accurate census figure has contributed to poor
planning, poor decision making and implementation. The need to
adequately represent fair estimate of the
population size is
paramount and can never be over emphasized. Population census process
has been marred logistical difficulties in reaching many remote
areas,
inadequate training of enumerators, inconsistent data management
process e.t.c Inability to manage acquired data can lead to poor data
analysis
and usage. Previous studies have shown the importance
of integrating remote sensing with GIS for population studies (Donnay,
1992; Harris and Ventura,
1995; Wilkinson, 1996). The
integration normally takes the form of using remote sensing data as a
source of data or using GIS as in-situ tool (Sadler and Barnsley, 1990).
1.3 AIM
The aim of this project is to estimate the population of Achara Layout in Enugu State using remote Sensing and GIS Technology.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are to:
i. To estimate the population of Achara Layout using Remote Sensing
and GIS to population studies in Enugu State of Nigeria.
ii. Compare the population data gotten from National population
commission for Achara Layout, Enugu state and that estimated
using GIS and Remote sensing methods for Achara Layout, Enugu
State.
iii. Show the population density in Achara Layout Enugu State Nigeria.
1.5 SCOPE OF WORK
A
good census estimate of a country population can help a country plan
for present and future development and so much more. The data
generated
from population census are analyzed and used to calculate for various
needs like gender ratio, indigenes and non-indigenes, migrants and
immigrants
e.t.c. Attempts to conduct a reliable post-independence census have
been mired in controversy especially using the traditional methods of
head
counting. Modern GIS & Remote Sensing is capable of fulfilling many
of these requirements for an automated Population Census estimation
within a
short period of time. The Data so obtained shall be
used for future projections using certain parameter obtained on field
visitation-
The scope of work revolves around Achara Layout
Enugu, Enugu State as this is a good site to show case some of the
capabilities of GIS because this area is
fully built up and its right about the oldest layout settlement in Enugu Metropolis.
1.6 STUDY AREA
Enugu
is a large city in the Eastern region of the Nigeria with geographic
coordinates 6°30′N 7°30′E. Enugu State is one of the states in the
eastern
part of Nigeria and occupies a total area of 7,161 km2 (2,765 Sq.mi)The
state shares borders with Abia State and Imo State to the south, Ebonyi
State
to the east, Benue State to the northeast, Kogi State to the northwest
and Anambra State to the west. Enugu State has a population of over 3.3
million
people and counting. It is home of the Igbo of south-eastern Nigeria.
Achara
Layout is located in Enugu South of Enugu State of Nigeria. Enugu South
is a local Government Area of Enugu State. Its headquarters are
in the city of Enugu. It has an area of about 106 km² and a population of about 244,852 at the 2006 census.
Achara
Layout is one of the areas of Enugu that was mapped out in the 1960s
and has grown from a residential suburb to a major commercial area
especially
along Agbani Road, the main high street; the streets are heavily built
up. It can be assessed from all parts of Enugu. The figure 1 is the
Google Image of Achara Layout.
1.7 BENEFITS AND CONTRIBUTIONS
The
use of Geographic information system shall benefit National Population
Commission and contribute to the development of Nigeria in the
following ways:
1. Site location
2.
Provision and Access to social amenities information where detailed
attributes about individual age distribution and human concentration are
obtained, etc.
3. Availability of population data which is accessible via GIS and is easily updated
4. Availability of digital maps that can be used as guides.
5. Creation of as-built drawings that have been geo-referenced and digitized.
6.
Field access to flexible data, based on street- aids in finding street
and information about areas, and other information can still be
inputted.
7. Used existing building, to build an integrated building / block system data source.
8.
It can be used to define long and short term action for map updates and
data cleanup that will move the City forward for the long term data set
and data management.
9. Creation of Zone maps, boundary maps
were very important; this will assist in planning and organizing
excavation, rehabilitation and election voting systematically.
10.
It can be used to coordinate and manage Service calls since location of
streets and building information can be viewable in GIS.
11. Ability to view other City facilities and data in conjunction with street data.
12. Draw and design plan and profile of streets.
13. It can improve better head counting of populates.
14. Provision of improved operational efficiencies.
15. Ability to query to extract information
16. Time and money savings
17. Better and timely decisions
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