Thesis Abstract

Abstract
This research project focused on the proximate analysis of African nutmeg seeds and the analysis of the extracted oil from African nutmeg. African nutmeg, scientifically known as Monodora myristica, is a plant species widely distributed in West Africa and is known for its culinary and medicinal properties. The proximate analysis of the seeds involved the determination of moisture content, ash content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and carbohydrate content. The extracted oil from African nutmeg seeds was analyzed for its physicochemical properties including density, refractive index, acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and unsaponifiable matter. The proximate analysis of African nutmeg seeds revealed a moisture content of X%, ash content of X%, crude protein content of X%, crude fat content of X%, crude fiber content of X%, and carbohydrate content of X%. These results provide valuable information about the nutritional composition of African nutmeg seeds. The analysis of the extracted oil from African nutmeg seeds showed a density of X g/cm3, a refractive index of X, an acid value of X mg KOH/g, a saponification value of X mg KOH/g, an iodine value of X g I2/100g, and an unsaponifiable matter content of X%. These results indicate the chemical composition and quality of the oil extracted from African nutmeg seeds. Overall, the proximate analysis of African nutmeg seeds and the analysis of the extracted oil provide essential data for understanding the nutritional value and chemical properties of this plant species. The results of this research can be utilized in various applications such as food science, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Further studies can focus on exploring the potential health benefits of African nutmeg seeds and their oil, as well as optimizing extraction methods to improve oil yield and quality. This research contributes to the existing knowledge of African nutmeg and highlights its potential as a valuable natural resource with diverse industrial and medicinal uses.

Thesis Overview

INTRODUCTIONPlants were the main source of drugs for the World’s population before the synthetic medicines evolved. But estimates are that up to 80% of the World’s populations still rely on traditional medicine.Africa is rich in plant biodiversity and by using traditional knowledge supported by scientific research, more phytomedicinal products become available. An increased demand for natural alternatives to synthetics support research into seeing the chemical constituents of plants that are significant to human and animals. (Mpuntu African Phytomedicinals).1.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF NUTMEG AND AFRICAN NUTMEGThe nutmegs Myristica are a genus of evergreen trees indigenous to tropical Southeast Asia and Australia. They are important for two species derived from the fruit, nutmeg and mace. Nutmeg is the actual seed of the tree, roughly egg-shaped and about 20-30mm long and 15-18mm wide while mace is the dried ‘lacy’ reddish covering or arillus of the seed (www.wikipedia.com)Several other commercial products are also produced from the trees, including essential oils, extracted oleoresins and nutmeg butter.The most important specie commercially, is the common or fragrant Nutmeg Myristicafragrans, native to the Banda islands of Indonesia. It is also grown in the Caribbean, especially in Grenada. Other species include Papuan nutmeg M.argentea from New Guinea and Bombay Nutmeg M.malabarica from India. Both are used as adulterants of M. fragran product. (The free Encyclopedia)Pycnanthus angolensis also known as Pycnanthus kombo is a tree of about 100ft high and 8ft in girth. Occasionally more evergreen. Bole straight, cylindrical without buttresses. It has a grey bark, longitudinally fissured, flaking in patches in old trees, slash reddish and exudes a sticky honey-colored juice turning red. The seed has the same features as the common nutmeg (Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia)1.2 SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF NUTMEGKINGDOM: PlantaeDIVISION: MagnoliophytaCLASS: magnoliopsidaORDER: MagnolialesFAMILY: MyristicaceaeGENUS: MyristicaIn terms of specie, there are about 100 species of Myristicaceae family, some of which include:Myristica argenteaMyristica fragransMyristica malabaricaThe African nutmeg belongs to the family of Myristica fragrans and the fruit resembles those of pycnanthus (Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia)1.3 USES OF NUTMEG AND AFRICAN NUTMEG1.3.1 Nutmeg and mace part have similar taste and qualities nutmeg having a slightly sweeter and mace part a more delicate flavour. Mace is often preferred in light coloured dishes for the bright orange, saffron-like colour it imparts.In Indian cuisine, nutmeg is used almost exclusively in sweets.In European cuisine, nutmeg and mace are used especially in potato dishes and in processed meat products; they are also used in soups, sauces and baked goods.It is used in the treatment of tongue inflammationIt is used in treating diarrhoeaIt is used in the treatment of tooth ache and tooth decayNutmeg is a traditional ingredient in mulled cider and mulled wine (Wikipedia.com)1.3.2 African nutmeg is also known as kombo butter with a natural geographical distribution stretching across western Africa. The oblong shaped fruits contain oil-rich seeds (vegetable fat) encased in a hard shell. A variety of uses for most tree parts, ranging from incorporation of the plant in furniture, condiments, soaps and cattle feed to medicinal uses is known. Kombo butter, a reddish brown butter, is widely used for ethno medical purposes and is likely to become the much needed vegetable substitute for animal-fat based cetyl myristoleate (CMO) used in arthritis management. It has potential of lowering glucose concentrations in type-2 diabetes, anticancer and cholesterol lowering. It posses significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities (Mpuntu African Phytomedicinals) Medically, the plant is used for the treatment of tongue inflammation and menorrhagia (Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia).1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY The research work span through the evaluation, extraction of oil, physical/chemical analysis as well as proximate analysis of the oil extracted from Pycnanthus angolensis -African nutmeg”1.5 LIMITATIONS The research work is limited to an extent, in that it does not entail the following:(i) Analysis of the seed(ii) Evaluation of the fruit(iii) Analysis on the nutritional content of the seed as well as the oil1.6 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this research work is to extract the oil of African nutmeg and analyse the physical and chemical characteristics of the oil.The study examined:(a) The methods of oil extraction(b) The determination of moisture and ash content of the seed(c) The mineral content determination of the oil(d) Carbon content determination(e) Other physical/chemical analysis of the oil1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS The routine analysis of products/substance is termed the proximate analysis which is done to know the component of the sample (Oyeleke 1984)Proximate analysis which include moisture, ash, fat etc. has considerably high values in terms of general information about samples.1.7.1 MOISTURE CONTENT: This is an index of stability and quality of the sample under test. It gives an idea of the amount of water in a given sample. This can influence the food quality, processing, packaging and also shelf life of samples. The moisture content must be known in expressing results of analytical determination on a uniform basis and meeting compositional standard (Ibitoye 2002).1.7.2 ASH CONTENT: The ash content of a biological materials is an analytical term used for the inorganic residue that remains after the organic matter has been burnt off. The ash may not usually be the same as inorganic matter present in the original sample, because there may be losses due to the volatilisation or chemical reaction between the contents (Adekunle 2000).The importance of the ash content is that it gives an idea of the amount of mineral element present in the sample, while the inorganic matter gives an estimate of protein, lipids (fat) and these are useful in accessing the quality of or grading certain edible materials (Ibitoye 1999).1.7.3 CRUDE FAT: Fats are usually defined as those components that are soluble in organic solvents like ether, hexane, but are insoluble in water (Rosenberg 2000). Solvents extraction technique is one of the most commonly used methods of isolating lipids (fats) from foods (Seeds, grain) and of determining the total content of foods or other products. The procedure is to continuously extract the fat content with organic solvent like either or hexane. This method is based on the principle that non-polar components of the samples are easily extracted by non polar solvent (Ibitoye 1999).1.7.4 ACID VALUE: This is the number of milligrams of the potassium hydroxide necessary to neutralize the free acid in 1g of sample. The acid value is often a good measure of the breakdown of the triacylglycerols into free fatty acids which has an adverse effect on the quality of many fats (Grundy 1999).1.7.5 SAPONIFICATION VALUE: This is the amount of alkali necessary to saponify a definite quantity of the sample. It is expressed as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to saponify 1g of the sample. The smaller the saponification values, the larger the average molecular weights of the triacylglycerols present (Grundy 1999).Triacylglycerol + 3KOH ® Glycerol + 3fatty acids of potassiumCH2-0-CO-C17H35 CH2OH½ ½CH-0-CO-C17H35 + 3KOH ® CHOH + 3C17H35COOK½ ½CH2-0-CO-C17H35 CH2OHStearin Glycerol Potassium Stearate1.7.6 PEROXIDE VALUE: Peroxide (R-OOH) is the primary reaction product formed in the initial stage of oxidation and therefore, gives an indication of the progress of lipid oxidation (Grundy 1992)1.7.7 VISCOSITY: For many liquids, specific gravity is used which is ratio of the mass of a given volume of the sample to the mass of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity decreases with increased temperature and decreases slightly as viscosity decreases for similar compositions (Atkins 1999)1.7.8 MINERAL CONTENT: This is a measure of specific inorganic component present in a sample such as Ca, Na, K and Cl. The quality of some samples depends on the concentration and type of minerals they contain including their taste, appearance, texture and stability. High mineral content are sometimes used to retard the growth of certain micro-organisms (Atkins 1999).