Thesis Abstract

Abstract
Water cleaning techniques are essential for safeguarding human health and protecting the environment. This research project aims to explore various methods for cleaning water contaminated with pollutants. The study focuses on both conventional and innovative techniques to remove impurities and ensure water quality. Conventional methods such as filtration, sedimentation, and chlorination have been widely used for water purification. Filtration involves passing water through a porous medium to remove suspended particles, while sedimentation allows particles to settle at the bottom of a container. Chlorination is effective in killing bacteria and other microorganisms present in water. In addition to conventional methods, this research also investigates the effectiveness of advanced techniques like reverse osmosis and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. Reverse osmosis uses a semi-permeable membrane to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from water, providing high-quality drinking water. UV disinfection involves exposing water to ultraviolet light to destroy the DNA of microorganisms, preventing them from reproducing. Furthermore, this study explores the potential of using nanotechnology for water cleaning. Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles have shown promise in removing contaminants from water through adsorption and catalytic processes. These materials offer high surface area and reactivity, making them efficient in trapping pollutants and degrading them into harmless byproducts. Moreover, the research project investigates the application of natural methods like phytoremediation and constructed wetlands for water treatment. Phytoremediation involves using plants to absorb, accumulate, and detoxify contaminants from water, offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution. Constructed wetlands mimic natural wetland ecosystems to remove pollutants through physical, chemical, and biological processes, enhancing water quality. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of various water cleaning techniques and their potential applications in ensuring clean and safe water supplies. By comparing traditional and emerging methods, the study aims to identify the most effective and sustainable approaches for water purification. The findings from this research can benefit policymakers, environmental engineers, and communities in making informed decisions to protect water resources and public health.

Thesis Overview

1.1       INTRODUCTION

Water is of the materials require to sustain life. It is naturally, available and covers 70% of th earth’s crust.

With the increasing demand of clean, potable water for domestic and industrial use, developing, locating and maintaining a cost-effective water treatment techniques is imperative.

An obvious and fundamental pollution problem at any location is waste water discharge. Most waste waters contain sanitary wastes generated by employees at the sites, streams from kitchen wastes, gutters, sewage, as well as process waste waters.

Sanitary waste water and ground water can be treated satisfactorily by the municipal waste water treatment system.

Separate treatment is also given to industrial process waste water, the contaminants in industrial discharges that ae commonly regulated include total grease (FOG) PH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and certain metals.

Water treatment or cleaning I vital for industrial and technology is to identify any pathagenic organisms, dissolve and undissolved compainds that constitute hazards for the user and develop high quality, cost effective treatment procedures to meat regulated environmental protection agency (EPA), othe water quality contrial agencies – NAFBAC standards and specification.

Water cleaning technology can be grouped into two, namely; Convection and Non-convectional (advance technology).

The convectional technology is the pre or post cliloroination-filteration systems. The non-convectional or advance technology are the fenton chemistry technique, bio-oxidation system, membrane separation high pressure – centigugal system and ion-exchange system.

In this context, four water cleaning techniques are discussed.   The pre/post chlorination / flocculation, sediment filteration, disinfectation and quality testing.

Fentoris chemistry technique uses hydrogen peroxide and an iron catacyst to destory contaminants.

High pressure – centrifugal system which involve the use of centrigufal force of high pressure to kill pathogens and microbes in a reactor contaning the unclean water. And membrane technology.

Finally, EPA standards on water quality are recommended.

1.2       SCOPE OF PROJECT

The project – water cleaning techniques is a esearch work to find out different water cleaning or treatment technologies employed in treating waste waters in order to raise its quality to the highest possible level for human conseumption and industry use.

Three different technology are researched here which include pre/post disintectation. – foltration systems, fentou’s chemistry system and hig pressure oxidative combustion. Centrigufal system EPA water quality standards are also presented.

1.3                         SOURCES OF WASTE WATER

Wastewater can be gotten through two main sources namely:

·                     Domestic effluent water

·                     Industrial effluent loads

DOMESTIC EFFLUENT WATER

Domestic effluent water ae from hetchen, laundry, cavatory, gutters, stagnant water, contaninted streams, rivers.   They contain both dissolved and undissolved organic and inorganic substances like paper, decayed mater, polymer pieces, detergent, oil & pigments, metal pieces.

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT WATERS

These are wastewater from chemical rpocess industries. They contain dissolved and undissolved poisonous substances corrosive and obrasive fluid like hydrocarbone, flurolarbous, sulphates, sulphides, cyanides, etc.