Title Page – – – – – – – – – – i Declaration – – – – – – – – – – ii Certification – – – – – – – – – – iii Dedication – – – – – – – – – – iv Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – – v Table of Contents – – – – – – – – – vi Table of Statutes – – – – – – – – – ix Table of Abbreviations – – – – – – – – x Abstract – – – – – – – – – – xi

Chapter ONE

: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study – – – – – – – 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem – – – – – – – 8 1.3 Justification – – – – – – – – – 9 1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Study – – – – – – 9 1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Research – – – – – 10 1.6 Research Methodology – – – – – – – 10 1.7 Literature Review – – – – – – – – 10 1.8 Organisational Layout – – – – – – – 12

Chapter TWO

: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL 2.1 Negotiations – – – – – – – – – 13 2.2 Commitments – – – – – – – – – 14 2.3 The Three Flexible Mechanism under Kyoto Protocol – – – 15 2.4 The Joint Implementation – – – – – – – 15 2.5 Clean Development Mechanism – – – – – – 16 2.6 Emission Trading – – – – – – – – 17 2.7 The Potential Legal Challenges and Uncertainty under Kyoto Protocol – 17 2.8 The Essence of the Kyoto Protocol – – – – – – 19

Chapter THREE

: EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND CHALLENGES OF THE IMPLIMENTATION OF KYOTO PROTOCOL IN NIGERIA 3.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 21 3.2 Evidence of Climate Change in Nigeria – – – – – 22 3.3 Environmental Implications – – – – – – – 23 3.4 Threat to the Coastal Region – – – – – – – 24 3.5 Heightening of Drought and Desertification – – – – – 25 3.6 Threat to Water Resources – – – – – – – 26 3.7 Threat to Food Security and Livelihoods – – – – – 26 3.8 Threat to Energy, Industry and Transport Sectors – – – – 27 3.8 The Challenges of CDM Implementation and Development in Nigeria – 29 3.9 Complexity of Emission Trading Mechanism – – – – 34 3.10 Kyoto Protocol and its Economic Impacts – – – – – 37

Chapter FOUR

: ADAPTATION AND NATIONAL MEASURES FOR CONTROL OF CLIMATECHANGE 4.1 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) – 41 4.2 The Kyoto Protocol – – – – – – – – 43 4.3 Bali Action Plan – – – – – – – – 46 4.4 Ponzan Conference 2008 – – – – – – – 48 4.5 The Copenhagen Conference 2009 – – – – – – 50 4.6 Nigeria‟s Commitments on Climate Change Agreements – – – 57 4.7 Challenges and Constraint of Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change Adaptation and Means of implementation – – – – – 61 4.8 The Role of Law in Implementing an Effective Regulatory Scheme – 65

Chapter FIVE

: FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Findings – – – – – – – – – 70 5.2 Recommendations – – – – – – – – 71 5.3 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 74 Bibliography – – – – – – – – – 76