Thesis Abstract

Abstract
Environmental sanitation is a critical aspect of public health that aims to prevent diseases and promote well-being through the provision of clean surroundings. However, several factors continue to hinder the effective implementation of environmental sanitation practices in many communities. This research project sought to identify and analyze the key factors militating against effective environmental sanitation to provide insights for improving sanitation programs. The study utilized a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gather data from residents in urban and rural settings. The findings revealed a range of factors that contribute to the challenges faced in achieving optimal environmental sanitation. Lack of adequate infrastructure, such as proper waste disposal systems and sewage facilities, emerged as a significant barrier in both urban and rural areas. This infrastructure deficit not only impeded the proper disposal of waste but also led to environmental pollution and health hazards. Additionally, behavioral factors were identified as crucial impediments to effective environmental sanitation. Poor waste management practices, including littering and open defecation, were prevalent among the study participants. These behaviors were often influenced by a lack of awareness about the importance of proper sanitation and limited access to education on waste management practices. Furthermore, socio-economic factors played a significant role in hindering environmental sanitation efforts. Poverty was identified as a key factor limiting access to sanitation facilities and services in many communities. The high cost of sanitation infrastructure and services placed a considerable burden on low-income households, making it challenging for them to adopt proper sanitation practices. Cultural beliefs and practices were also found to impact environmental sanitation outcomes. Deeply rooted traditions, such as ceremonial waste disposal practices, sometimes conflicted with modern sanitation guidelines, creating barriers to effective waste management. Moreover, the lack of community engagement and participation in sanitation programs hindered sustainability efforts and the adoption of long-term solutions. In conclusion, addressing the multifaceted challenges that impede effective environmental sanitation requires a holistic approach that considers infrastructural, behavioral, socio-economic, and cultural factors. By understanding these barriers and developing targeted interventions, policymakers and stakeholders can work towards improving environmental sanitation practices and promoting public health in communities.

Thesis Overview

INTRODUCTION

In its modern concept, environment includes not only water, air and soil but the social and economic condition under which we live (Park, 2011). The key to mans health lie largely on his environment. Infact, much of mans’ ill-health can be traced to adverse environmental factors such as water, soil and air pollution poor housing conditions, presence of animal reservoir and insects vectors of diseases, which poses serious threats to man’s health. Man is often responsible for the pollution of the environment through urbanization, industrialization and other human activities. According to the National sanitation foundation of USA, the word sanitation is defined as “way of life that is expressed in the clean lines of homes, farms, business, premises, neighborhood and community Parks (2011). Furthermore, World Health Organization (WHO) defines sanitation as the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces and other waste materials (UNICEF and WHO 2012).