Thesis Abstract

Abstract
Biodiesel is a renewable source of power that has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependency on fossil fuels. This research project aims to explore the production, benefits, and challenges associated with biodiesel as an alternative fuel source. The production of biodiesel involves the conversion of vegetable oils or animal fats into fatty acid methyl esters through a process called transesterification. This process is typically carried out using methanol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerin as a byproduct. Various feedstocks such as soybean oil, canola oil, and recycled cooking oil can be used for biodiesel production, making it a versatile and sustainable option. One of the key benefits of biodiesel is its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional diesel fuel. Biodiesel burns more cleanly and efficiently, emitting lower levels of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Additionally, biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic, making it safer for the environment and human health. Furthermore, biodiesel can help decrease the reliance on finite fossil fuel resources. As a renewable energy source, biodiesel can be produced domestically, reducing the need for oil imports and enhancing energy security. By diversifying the energy mix with biodiesel, countries can mitigate the impact of fluctuating oil prices and geopolitical uncertainties. Despite its numerous benefits, biodiesel production also presents several challenges that need to be addressed. These challenges include the competition for feedstocks with the food industry, the energy-intensive production process, and the limited availability of distribution infrastructure. Research and development efforts are ongoing to improve the efficiency and sustainability of biodiesel production, such as exploring new feedstocks, optimizing production techniques, and expanding distribution networks. In conclusion, biodiesel offers a promising alternative to conventional diesel fuel, with its potential to reduce emissions, promote energy security, and support sustainable development. Continued research and investment in biodiesel production technologies are essential to overcome existing challenges and realize the full potential of this renewable energy source. By integrating biodiesel into the energy mix, societies can move towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future.

Thesis Overview

Corn can be harvested to produce ethanol. Credit: Warren Gretz.

Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels – biofuels – for our transportation needs (cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains). The two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel.

Ethanol is an alcohol, the same found in beer and wine. It is made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates (starches, sugars, or celluloses) through a process similar to brewing beer. Ethanol is mostly used as a fuel additive to cut down a vehicle’s carbon monoxide and other smog-causing emissions. But flexible-fuel vehicles, which run on mixtures of gasoline and up to 85% ethanol, are now available.

Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol (usually methanol) with vegetable oil, animal fat, or recycled cooking greases. It can be used as an additive to reduce vehicle emissions (typically 20%) or in its pure form as a renewable alternative fuel for diesel engines.

Other biofuels include methanol and reformulated gasoline components. Methanol, commonly called wood alcohol, is currently produced from natural gas, but could also be produced from biomass. There are a number of ways to convert biomass to methanol, but the most likely approach is gasification. Gasification involves vaporizing the biomass at high temperatures, then removing impurities from the hot gas and passing it through a catalyst, which converts it into methanol.

Most reformulated gasoline components produced from biomass are pollution-reducing fuel additives, such as methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE).