<p> </p><p>CERTIFICATION – – – – – – &nbsp; ii<br>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – – – – – &nbsp; iv<br>DEDICATION – – – – – – &nbsp; vii<br>TABLE OF CONTENTS – – – – – – viii<br>LIST OF TABLES – – – – – – &nbsp; xiv<br>LIST OF FIGURES – – – – – – &nbsp; xvi<br>LIST OF PLATES – – – – – – xviii<br>LIST OF ACRONYMS – – – – – – &nbsp; xix<br>ABSTRACT – – – – – – – &nbsp; xxii<br><b><br>

Chapter ONE

– – – – – – &nbsp; 1<br>1 INTRODUCTION – – – – – – &nbsp; 1</b><br>11 Background to the Study – – – – – &nbsp; 1<br>12 Statement of the Problem – – – – – &nbsp; 1<br>13 Aims of the Research – – – – – &nbsp; 2<br>14 Specific Objectives of the Study – – – – &nbsp; 2<br>15 Justification for the Research – – – – &nbsp; 3<br>16 Scope of the Study – – – – – – &nbsp; 3<br>17 Delimitation of the Study – – – – – &nbsp; 3<br>18 Operational Definition of Terms – – – – &nbsp; 4<br>19 Expected Result and Contribution to Knowledge – – – &nbsp; 8<br>191 Expected Results – – – – – – &nbsp; 8<br>192 Expected Contributions to Knowledge – – – – &nbsp; 8</p><p><b>

Chapter TWO

– – – – – – &nbsp; 10<br>2 LITERATURE REVIEW – – – – – &nbsp; 10</b><br>21 Water Quality and Pollution Problems – – – &nbsp; 10<br>211 Water Quality – – – – – – 10<br>212 Pollution Problems – – – – – – 11<br>213 Causes of Water Pollution – – – – – 11<br>214 Sources and Effects of Water Pollution – – – – 13<br>22 Receiving Environment Characteristics – – – –</p><p>&nbsp; 14<br>221 Assimilative Capacity of the Receiving Water – – – 15<br>222 Views on Global Water Quality – – – – 16<br>23 Water Quality in Nigeria – – – – – &nbsp; 18<br>24 Historical Development of Hydrodynamic Systems – – – &nbsp; 20<br>25 Historical Development of Water Quality Models – – &nbsp; 21<br>251 Early Modeling Works – – – – – 21<br>26 Water Quality Standards – – – – – &nbsp; 29<br>27 Hydrodynamics and Hydraulics – – – – – &nbsp; 31<br>271 Hydraulic Routing Techniques – – – – – 34<br>272 1-Dimensional Equation of Motion – – – – 37<br>273 2-Dimensional Equations of Motion – – – – 41<br>274 3-Dimensional Equations of Motion – – – – 43<br>28 Numerical Solution Techniques – – – – – &nbsp; 45<br>281 Finite Difference Solution Method – – – – 46<br>2811 Explicit Finite Differences – – – – – – 47<br>2812 Implicit Finite Differences – – – – – – 48<br>282 Finite Element Solution Method – – – – 49<br>29 Conceptual Framework of Water quality model – – – &nbsp; 51<br>210 Review of Available, Applicable Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Models<br>&nbsp; – – – – – – – &nbsp; 55<br>2101 Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program – – – – 55<br>2102 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model Selection – – – 56<br>2103 Case Studies Utilizing DYNHYD and WASP Modeling Software – – 57<br>2104 QUAL2E (The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model) – – 57<br>21041 The Scope and Components of QUAL2E – – – – 58<br>211 QUAL2K Input File Generation – – – – &nbsp; 60<br>2111 Dissolved Oxygen – – – – – – 60<br>2112 Model Framework and Scientific Details – – – – 62<br>21121 Model Inputs – – – – – – 63<br>21122 Model Outputs – – – – – – – 64<br>2113 Transport Processes – – – – – 64<br>2114 Conversion Processes – – – – – – 66</p><p><b>

Chapter THREE

– – – – – – &nbsp; 67<br>3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Materials and Methods – – &nbsp; 67</b><br>31 The Research Design – – – – – &nbsp; 67<br>311 Design Brief Formulation – – – – – 67<br>312 Survey Approach and Survey Instrument – – – – 69<br>32 Study Site – – – – – – &nbsp; 73<br>321 Survey of Industries – – – – – – 73<br>322 Determination of pollutant sources, types and quantities – – – 74<br>33 Sampling Techniques – – – – – &nbsp; 74<br>34 Field Sampling and Analyses – – – – &nbsp; 77<br>341 Site Characterization Studies – – – – – 78<br>342 Method of Sample Collection – – – – – 78<br>35 Laboratory Test Studies and Pilot â“ Scale Studies – – &nbsp; 79<br>36 Engineering Model Design and Pilot â“Scale Studies (Modeling, Simulation<br>and Treatability Studies) – – – – – &nbsp; 80</p><p><b>

Chapter FOUR

– – – – – – &nbsp; 82<br>4 MODEL APPLICATION TO RIVER ATUWARA – – – &nbsp; 82</b><br>41 Model Study Area: Atuwara River, Ogun State Nigeria – – &nbsp; 82<br>411 River Atuwara Origin and Course – – – – 83<br>412 River Atuwara: Geology, Climate and Hydrology – – – 84<br>413 Vegetation, Agriculture and Hunting – – – – 89<br>414 Human Population – – – – – – 89<br>415 Uses of the River Atuwara – – – – – 92<br>4151 Irrigation – – – – – – – 92<br>4152 Fisheries and Livestocks – – – – – 92<br>4153 Recreation around the Watershed – – – – – 92<br>416 Industry along River Atuwara – – – – – 93<br>4161 Industrial Polluants – – – – – – 93<br>42 Data Collection and Processing – – – – &nbsp; 102<br>421 Flow Types – – – – – – – 102<br>4211 Low Flow Analysis: Flow and Pollution Loads – – – – 102<br>4212 Oxygen Reaeration Formulae: Internal Calculation of the Reaeration Ratio – 103<br>422 Channel and Flow Data – – – – – 104<br>4221 Flow Data – – – – – – – 104<br>4222 Instantaneous Release – – – – – – 105<br>4223 Continuous Release – – – – – – 106<br>4224 Biological Decay – – – – – – 107<br>423 Hydrodynamics Predictions – – – – – 107<br>424 Continuous Variable Hydrodynamics – – – – 108<br>425 Hydro- geometric Data – – – – – 108<br>43 Condition for Simulation with QUAL2K – – – &nbsp; 111<br>431 Mass Balance – – – – – – 115<br>432 QUAL2K Calibration – – – – – 116<br>433 Reaction Rate Constants – – – – – 117<br>434 Flow and Pollution Loads – – – – – 117<br>435 How QUAL2K Obtain Solutions Numerically – – – 117<br>436 Model Configuration/Model Segmentation – – – – 121<br>437 Model Parameters – – – – – – 121<br>4371 Initial Condition Based on Observation from Atuwara River Watershed – 125<br>4372 Initial Condition Based on Best Professional Judgment – – – 125<br>438 Model Loading Rates/Endpoint Identification – – – 127<br>439 Reaeration rate constants – – – – – 129<br>4310 BOD Loadings, Concentrations and Rates – – – – 130<br>43101 BOD Removal Rates – – – – – 133<br>43102 Settling – – – – – – – 133<br>43103 Bed Effects – – – – – – 134<br>4311 QUAL2K APPLICATION – – – – – 136<br>44 Application of GIS to River Atuwara Watershed/Study Area – – &nbsp; 139<br>45 Measurement of Contamination from Industrial Discharge by GIS – &nbsp; 141<br>46 SUMMARY OF RESULTS – – – – &nbsp; 142</p><p><b>

Chapter FIVE

– – – – – – – &nbsp; 171<br>5 EFFLUENT TREATABILITY STUDIES – – – &nbsp; 171</b><br>51 INTRODUCTION – – – – – &nbsp; 171<br>52 Analytical methods – – – – – &nbsp; 173<br>53 Materials and Methods – – – – – &nbsp; 174<br>54 Experimental Results and Discussion – – – &nbsp; 177<br>55 Uses of Activated Carbon for Effluents Treatment – – – &nbsp; 181</p><p><b>CHAPTER SIX – – – – – – &nbsp; 185<br>6 DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS, SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS-185</b><br>61 Research Finding and Discussion – – – – &nbsp; 185<br>62 Summary of Hydrodynamics Model Results – – – &nbsp; 188<br>63 Summary of QUAL2K Model Results – – – – &nbsp; 188<br>64 Treatability Studies Results – – – – – &nbsp; 189<br>65 Research Contribution to knowledge – – – – &nbsp; 190<br>66 Future Directions in River Modeling in Nigeria – – – &nbsp; 192</p><p><b>CHAPTER SEVEN – – – – – – &nbsp; 194<br>7 RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS – – &nbsp; 194</b><br>71 Research Conclusions – – – – – &nbsp; 194<br>711 The Model Software – – – – – – 194<br>712 Location Description – – – – – 195<br>713 Water Quality Standard for all Assessment Units in this Research – – 195<br>714 Priority Pollutants along the Atuwara Watershed – – – 198<br>72 Recommendations – – – – – &nbsp; 202</p><p><b>REFERENCES – – – – – – &nbsp; 205<br>APPENDIX A – – – – – – &nbsp; 220<br>WATER QUALITY COMPONENTS – – – – &nbsp; 220<br>APPENDIX B – – – – – – &nbsp; 223<br>THE RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRES – – – – &nbsp; 223<br>Industrial Assessment Form – – – – – &nbsp; 225<br>APPENDIX C – – – – – – &nbsp; 233<br>TABLES UTILIZED FOR MODEL SELECTION – – – &nbsp; 233<br>APPENDIX D – – – – – – &nbsp; 241</b></p><p>SECTORAL GROUPING OF ADO ODO /OTTA INDUSTRIES – – &nbsp; 241<br>Sector A: Food, Beverages &amp; Tobacco – – – – &nbsp; 241<br>Sector B : Chemical &amp; Pharmaceuticals – – – – &nbsp; 242<br>Section C: Domestic &amp; Industrial Plastics, Rubber &amp; Foam – – &nbsp; 243<br>Sector D: Basic Metal, Iron, Steel &amp; Fabricated Metal Products – – &nbsp; 244<br>Sector E: Pulp Paper &amp; Paper Products; Printing &amp; Publishing – – &nbsp; 245<br>Sector F: Electrical And Electronics – – – – &nbsp; 245<br>Sector G: Wood &amp; Wood Products Furniture – – – &nbsp; 245<br>Sector H: Non Metallic Mineral Products – – – – &nbsp; 246<br><b><br>APPENDIX E – – – – – – &nbsp; 247</b><br>INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT DATA – – – – &nbsp; 247<br>The General Food and Beverages Industry – – – &nbsp; 262<br>Generation of Liquid Wastes in Industries – – – &nbsp; 264<br>Generation of Hazardous Wastes – – – – – &nbsp; 266<br><b><br>LIST OF TABLES</b><br>Table 21: Development Periods of Water Quality Models (Chapra, 1997) – &nbsp; 26<br>Table 22: Abbreviated List of Water Quality Models with Reference – – &nbsp; 28<br>Table 23: Stokesâs Settling Velocities (in m/day) at 20°C – – – &nbsp; 33<br>Table 31: Location of the 10 Sector Industries – – – &nbsp; 70<br>Table 32: Outline of a generalized sampling protocol – – – &nbsp; 76<br>Table 41: Ranges of discharge coefficients and exponents – – &nbsp; 116<br>Table 42 Average values and ranges of exponents in hydro geometric correlations<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 120<br>Table 43 Water Quality Calibration Rates and Coefficients – – &nbsp; 126<br>Table 44 Typical Values for the ratio of 5=day to ultimate BOD – – &nbsp; 132<br>Table 45: Typical loading rates for untreated domestic sewage – – – &nbsp; 132<br>Table 46 &nbsp; Model reaches Delineation – – – – &nbsp; 137<br>Table 47: October 14, 2008 Atuwara Rivers Model Water Quality Input Data – &nbsp; 142<br>Table 48: October 14, 2008 Atuwara Rivers Statistical Summary of Analytical Data<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 143<br>Table 49: October 14, 2008 Atuwara Rivers Field Measured Hydrogeometric<br>Parameters – – – – – – &nbsp; 144<br>Table 410: October 14, 2008 Atuwara River Water Quality Model Loading Rates 148<br>Table 411: February 17, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Model Water Quality Input Data – &nbsp; 149<br>Table 412: February 17, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Statistical Summary of Analytical<br>Data – – – – – – – &nbsp; 150<br>Table 414: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River Water Quality Model Loading Rates<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 155<br>Table 415: March 18, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Model Water Quality Input Data – &nbsp; 156<br>Table 416: March 18, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Statistical Summary of Analytical Data<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 157<br>Table 417: March 18, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Field Measured Hydrogeometric<br>Parameters – – – – – – &nbsp; 158<br>Table 418: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River Water Quality Model Loading Rates – &nbsp; 162<br>Table 419: May 11, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Model Water Quality Input Data – &nbsp; 163<br>Table 420: May 11, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Statistical Summary of Analytical Data 164<br>Table 421: May 11, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Field Measured Hydrogeometric<br>Parameters – – – – – – &nbsp; 165<br>Table 422: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River Water Quality Model Loading Rates – &nbsp; 170<br>Table 51 Energy Variation of Electro-Fenton Experiments – – &nbsp; 180<br>Table 52Characteristics of effluents treatment by Electro- Fenton<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 180<br>Table 53 Specification of Quality and Use of Granular Activated Carbon – &nbsp; 183<br>Table 54 Result of Effluents Treatment with both Electro – Fenton and GAC BBC<br>945 – – – – – – – &nbsp; 184<br>Table 71: Individual Reach Description: Summary of River Atuwara Watershed<br>Impairment addressed in this research – – – – &nbsp; 201<br>Table C1 &nbsp; Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix – – – &nbsp; 233<br>Table C1 &nbsp; Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix (Contd) – – – &nbsp; 235<br>Table C1 &nbsp; Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix (Contd) – – – &nbsp; 236<br>Table C1 Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix (Contd) – – &nbsp; 237<br>Table C1 &nbsp; Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix (Contd) – – – &nbsp; 238<br>Table C1 &nbsp; Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix (Contd) – – – &nbsp; 239<br>Table E1: Water Quality Analysis of Selected Industries in Ado â“ Odo Otta – &nbsp; 247<br>Table E2: Water Quality Analysis of Selected Industries in Ado â“ Odo Otta and Lagos<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 249<br>Table E3: Water Quality Trends in Selected Receiving Water Bodies from 1980 â“<br>1997 – – – – – – – &nbsp; 251<br>Table E4: Industrial Sub-Sectoral Types, Raw Materials, Products &amp; Waste<br>Characterization – – – – – – &nbsp; 252<br>Table E5: Volume of Wastewater Produced by Some Industrial Sector – – &nbsp; 261<br>Table E6: Characteristic of Typical Brewery and Distillery Wastewater – – &nbsp; 262<br>Table E7: Volume of Wastewater Produced by Some Industrial Sector – – &nbsp; 265<br>Table E8: Source and Types of Hazardous Waste in Some Industries – – &nbsp; 267</p><p><b>&nbsp;LIST OF FIGURES</b><br>Fig 21 An urban waterâ”wastewater system – – – – &nbsp; 22<br>Fig22: Schematic of water quality model used for a typical River Estuary – &nbsp; 53<br>Fig23 Schematic description of the water quality model QUAL2E – – &nbsp; 66<br>Figure 31 Map of Otta District, Ogun State Nigeria – – – &nbsp; 72<br>Figure 41: General Layout of the Study Area – – – – &nbsp; 86<br>Figure 42: River Atuwara Watershed – – – – &nbsp; 87<br>Figure 43: River Atuwara Watershed and Built-up Areas – – – &nbsp; 91<br>Figure 44: River Atuwara and Industrial Locations – – – &nbsp; 95<br>Figure 45: River Atuwara Wetland and Sampling Points – – – &nbsp; 101<br>Figures 46 Cross â“ Section of the basin to calculate other parameters – – &nbsp; 113<br>Fig 47: Computational Grid Set – Up – – – – &nbsp; 123<br>Figure 48 Location Map showing sampling Points and Tributaries – – &nbsp; 124<br>Figure 49a Total removal rate versus stream depth for BOD that is 50% in settleable<br>form &nbsp; – – – – – – &nbsp; 135<br>Figure 49b In â“ Stream decomposition rate versus depth ( Bowie et al ,1985) – &nbsp; 135<br>Figure 410: October 14, 2008 Atuwara River Dissolved Oxygen Vs River Flow<br>Model &nbsp; Predictions – – – – – &nbsp; 145<br>Figure 411: October 14,2008 Atuwara River CBOD Vs River Flow Model<br>Predictions – – – – – – &nbsp; 145<br>Figure 412: October 14, 2008 Atuwara River CBOD and Model Predictions – &nbsp; 146<br>Figure 413: October 14, 2008 Atuwara River CBOD, DO and Model Predictions &nbsp; 146<br>Figure 414: October 14 2008 Atuwara River CBOD, Vs SOD Model Predictions &nbsp; 147<br>Figure 415: October 14, 2008 Atuwara River TBODu, Vs SOD Model Predictions<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 147<br>Figure 416: February 17 2009, Atuwara River Dissolved Oxygen Vs River Flow<br>Model Predictions – – – – – – &nbsp; 152<br>Figure 417: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD Vs River Flow Model<br>Predictions – – – – – – &nbsp; 152<br>Figure 418: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD and Model Predictions – &nbsp; 153<br>Figure 419: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, DO and Model Predictions 153<br>Figure 420: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, Vs SOD Model Predictions<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 154<br>Figure 421: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River TBODu, Vs SOD Model Predictions<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 154<br>Figure 422: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River Dissolved Oxygen Vs River Flow Model<br>Predictions – – – – – – &nbsp; 159<br>Figure 423: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD Vs River Flow Model Predictions<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 159<br>Figure 424: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD and Model Predictions – &nbsp; 160<br>Figure 1425: March 11, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, DO and Model Predictions &nbsp; 160<br>Figure 426: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, Vs SOD Model Predictions – &nbsp; 161<br>Figure 427: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River TBODu, Vs SOD Model Predictions &nbsp; 161<br>Figure 428: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River Dissolved Oxygen Vs River Flow Model<br>Predictions – – – – – – &nbsp; 166<br>Figure 429: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD Vs River Flow Model Predictions<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 166<br>Figure 430: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD and Model Predictions – &nbsp; 167<br>Figure 431: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, DO and Model Predictions – &nbsp; 167<br>Figure 432: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, Vs SOD Model Predictions – &nbsp; 168<br>Figure 433: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River TBODu, Vs SOD Model Predictions – &nbsp; 169<br>Figure 51 Electro â“Fenton Experimental Set â“ up – – – &nbsp; 176<br>Figure 71: Improved activated carbon Bed – – – – &nbsp; 199</p><p><b>LIST OF PLATES</b><br>PLATE I River Atuwara and Iju Villagers – – – – &nbsp; 94<br>PLATE II River Atuwara soon recovers after receiving effluents from a Food<br>Processing Firm – – – – – – &nbsp; 94<br>PLATE IIIA truck discharging combined effluents into River Atuwara at Ekusere<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 98<br>PLATE IV Abattoir on River Atuwara upper boundary at Owode â“ Ijako along<br>Lagos Abeokuta Expressway – – – – – &nbsp; 98<br>PLATE V River Atuwara upper boundary at Owode â“ Ijako along Lagos<br>Abeokuta Expressway – – – – – &nbsp; 99<br>PLATE VI River Aturwara receiving solid wastes from the environment – &nbsp; 99<br>PLATE VIISampling from Distilleries effluents along River Atuwara Watershed<br>– – – – – – – &nbsp; 100<br>PLATE VIII Distilleries effluents cascading into River Atuwara – – &nbsp; 100<br>PLATE IX Hydrogeometric Measurement on River Atuwara – – &nbsp; 110<br>PLATE X Hydrogeometric Measurement at Iju Water Works lower down stream &nbsp; 110<br>PLATE XI Laboratory Bench Scale Electro â“Fenton Experimental set – up – &nbsp; 178<br>PLATE XII Running the Laboratory Bench â“ Scale Electro Fenton Experiment &nbsp; 178<br>PLATE XIII Measuring water quality parameters from Laboratory Bench- Scale<br>Electro â“ Fenton Experiment – – – – &nbsp; 179</p><p><b>&nbsp;LIST OF ACRONYMS</b><br>BOD &nbsp; &nbsp; Biochemical Oxygen Demand<br>CBOD &nbsp; &nbsp; Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand &nbsp;<br>CE-QUAL-ICM &nbsp; Three-Dimensional Eutrophication Model<br>CE â“QUAL-W2 &nbsp; Two â“ Dimensional, Laterally-Averaged Hydrodynamic and<br>Water Quality Model<br>COD Chemical Oxygen Demand &nbsp;<br>DO &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Dissolved Oxygen &nbsp;<br>DYNHYD &nbsp; Link Node Tidal Hydrodynamic Model<br>EFDC &nbsp; &nbsp; Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code &nbsp;<br>FEPA &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Federal Environmental Protection Agency<br>GIS &nbsp; &nbsp; Geographic Information Systems &nbsp;<br>GPS &nbsp; &nbsp; Global Positioning System &nbsp;<br>HEM-3D &nbsp; &nbsp; Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic-Eutrophication Model &nbsp;<br>HM &nbsp; &nbsp; Heavy Metals<br>HSPF &nbsp; &nbsp; Hydrologic Simulation Program â“ FORTRAN &nbsp;<br>IPP &nbsp; &nbsp; Integrated Product Policy<br>MAN &nbsp; &nbsp; Manufacturers Association of Nigeria &nbsp;<br>MEDLI &nbsp; &nbsp; Model for Effluent Disposal using Land Irrigation<br>MEPP &nbsp; &nbsp; Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning<br>NBOD &nbsp; &nbsp; Nitrogenous Biochemical Oxygen Demand<br>NH3-N &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Ammonia-nitrogen &nbsp;<br>NMS &nbsp; &nbsp; National Minimum Standards<br>NPES &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System<br>OGEPA &nbsp; Ogun State Environmental Protection Agency<br>OPO4 &nbsp; &nbsp; Ortho-Phosphorus or Inorganic Phosphorus &nbsp;<br>QUAL2E &nbsp; Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model &nbsp;<br>QUAL2K &nbsp; Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (Improved)<br>RIVMOD-H &nbsp; &nbsp; River Hydrodynamics Model and &nbsp;<br>SBR &nbsp; &nbsp; Sequencing Batch Reactors<br>SOD &nbsp; &nbsp; Sediment Oxygen Demand<br>TBOD &nbsp; &nbsp; Total Biochemical Oxygen Demand<br>TDS &nbsp; &nbsp; Total Dissolved Solids<br>TMDL &nbsp; &nbsp; Total Maximum Daily Load<br>TOC &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Total Organic Carbon &nbsp;<br>TPWQM &nbsp; Tidal Prism Water Quality Model &nbsp;<br>TSS &nbsp; &nbsp; Total Suspended Solids<br>TVA &nbsp; &nbsp; Tennessee Valley Authority &nbsp;<br>UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural<br>Organization<br>USEPA &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; United States Environmental Protection Agency<br>USGS &nbsp; &nbsp; United State Geological Survey<br>WASP Water Quality Analysis Simulation Programme Water Quality<br>Model Developed by USEPA<br>WES &nbsp; &nbsp; World Environmental Systems &nbsp;<br>WHO &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; World Health Organization &nbsp;<br>WTP &nbsp; &nbsp; Water Treatment Plant &nbsp;<br>WWTP &nbsp; &nbsp; Wastewater Treatment Plant </p> <br><p></p>