<p> </p><p>CERTIFICATION ii<br>DEDICATION iii<br>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv<br>LIST OF FIGURES viii<br>LIST OF TABLES ix<br>LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS x<br>ABSTRACT xi</p><p><b>

Chapter ONE

<br>INTRODUCTION</b><br>11 Preamble 1<br>12 Statement of the Problem 1<br>13 Justification for the Study 2<br>14 Aim and Objectives 3<br>15 Scope of the Study 3<br>16 Significance of Study 4</p><p><b>

Chapter TWO

<br>LITERATURE REVIEW 6</b><br>21 Background 6<br>22 What is Slag? 7<br>221 Slag Recycling 10<br>222 Utility and Usage of Slag Products 11<br>23 Efforts in Utilizing Slag 13<br>24 Production of Steel Slag 13<br>241 BOF Slag from Basic Oxygen Steelmaking 14<br>242 EAF Slag 17<br>243 Steel Slag Utilization 19<br>25 Properties of Steel Slag 20<br>251 Physical and Mechanical Properties 20<br>252 Chemical and Mineralogical Properties 23<br>26 Environmental and Health Considerations 27<br>27 Laterite and Lateritic Soils 27<br>28 Stabilization of Lateritic Soils 30<br><b><br>

Chapter THREE

<br>MATERIALS AND METHODS 33</b><br>31 Materials and Preparation 33<br>311 Steel slag 33<br>312 Soil 33<br>32 Methods 34<br>321 Chemical composition of steel slag 36<br>322 Natural moisture content 36<br>323 Sieve analysis 37<br>324 Specific gravity 38<br>325 Atterberg limits 36<br>326 Compaction characteristics 39<br>327 Strength characteristics 38<br>328 Permeability 39</p><p><b>

Chapter FOUR

<br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 40</b><br>4</p><p>1 X-ray Fluorescence 41<br>42 Natural Soil 41<br>43 Sieve Analysis 41<br>44 Specific Gravity 42<br>45 Atterberg Limits 43<br>46 Compaction Characteristics of Lateritic Soil Sample 45<br>47 California Bearing Ratio 47<br>48 Unconfined Compressive Strength 49<br>49 Permeability 51<br>410 Optimal Stabilization 52</p><p><b>

Chapter FIVE

<br>CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 53</b><br>51 Conclusion 53<br>52 Recommendation 54<br><b>REFERENCES 55<br>APPENDIX: LABORATORY RESULT SHEETS 61</b><br><b><br>LIST OF FIGURES</b><br>Figure 21: Types of Slag 7<br>Figure 22: Types of Ferrous Slag 8<br>Figure 23: Flow of Steel Slag Production (Nippon Slag Association, 2006) 10<br>Figure 24: Major Productive Use of Steel Slag in Europe 11<br>Figure 25: Steel Slag Utilization in Europe 11<br>Figure 26: A Typical BOF (National Slag Association, 2011) 14<br>Figure 27: Schematic of Operational Steps in Oxygen Steelmaking Process (BOF) (Fruehan, 1998) 15<br>Figure 28: Typical Composition after Sampling (Corus, 2011) 17<br>Figure 29: A Typical EAF (National Slag Association, 2011) 18<br>Figure 210: Schematic of Operational Steps in EAF Processes (Corus, 2011) 19<br>Figure 31: Steel Slag Sample Collection Site 34<br>Figure 32: Lateritic Soil Sample Collection Site 34<br>Figure 41: Particle Size Distribution of Soil 42<br>Figure 42: Variation of Specific Gravity with Slag Content 42<br>Figure 43: Variation of Average Liquid Limit with Slag Content 42<br>Figure 44: Variation of Plastic Limit with Slag Content 44<br>Figure 45: Variation of Plasticity Index with Slag Content 45<br>Figure 46: Variation of OMC with Slag Content 46<br>Figure 47: Variation of MDD with Slag Content 46<br>Figure 48: Variation of Unsoaked CBR with Slag Content 47<br>Figure 49: Variation of Soaked CBR with Slag Content 48<br>Figure 410: Variation of Swell Potential with Slag Content 48<br>Figure 411: Variation of Unconfined Compressive Strength with Slag Content 50<br>Figure 412: Variation of Undrained Shear Strength with Slag Content 50<br>Figure 413: Variation of Permeability with Slag Content 51</p><p><b>LIST OF TABLES</b><br>Table 21 Typical Use of Slag in Civil Engineering Applications (National Slag Ass,<br>2011) 12<br>Table 22: Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Event Times (Fruehan, 1998) 16<br>Table 23: Applications of Steel Slag (Nippon Slag Association, 2006) 20<br>Table 24: Typical Physical Properties of Steel Slag 21<br>Table 25: Particle Size Distribution Results for BOF and EAF Slags 22<br>Table 26: Typical Mechanical Properties of Steel Slag 22<br>Table 27: Range of Metal Concentration in BOF and EAF Slags 24<br>Table 28: Typical Chemical Composition of Steel Slag 25<br>Table 29: Comparison of Chemical Comp of Steel Slag and Portland Cement 27<br>Table 210: Properties of a Lateritic Soil (Okafor and Okonkwo, 2009) 30<br>Table 41: XRF Result of Steel Slag Sample 40<br>Table 42: Geotechnical Properties of Natural Soil 41<br>Table 43: Some Geotechnical Properties at Optimal Stabilization 52</p><p><b>LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS</b><br><b>AASHTO </b>American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials<br><b>ASTM </b>American Association for Testing and Materials<br><b>BOF </b>Basic Oxygen Furnace slag<br><b>BS </b>British Standards<br><b>CBR </b>California Bearing Ratio<br><b>CERD </b>Centre for Energy and Research Development<br><b>EAF </b>Electric Arc Furnace slag<br><b>HERA </b>Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment<br><b>LL </b>Liquid Limit<br><b>MDD </b>Maximum Dry Density<br><b>OMC </b>Optimum Moisture Content<br><b>OSC </b>Optimum Steel-slag Content<br><b>PI </b>Plasticity Index<br><b>PL </b>Plastic Limit<br><b>SEM </b>Scanning Electron Microscope<br><b>SSC </b>Steel Slag Coalition<br><b>UCS </b>Unconfined Compressive Strength<br><b>USC </b>Unified Soil Classification System<br><b>XRD </b>X-ray Diffraction<br><b>XRF </b>X-ray Fluorescence</p> <br><p></p>