Thesis Abstract

Surface water is a vital resource for water supply, providing numerous advantages over other sources. This research aims to explore the use of surface water in water supply and its associated benefits. Surface water refers to water sources such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs that are easily accessible and readily available for human use. One of the key advantages of using surface water for water supply is its abundance. Surface water sources are replenished through natural processes such as rain and snowmelt, ensuring a consistent supply of water throughout the year. In addition to abundance, surface water is generally of higher quality compared to groundwater sources. Surface water undergoes natural filtration processes as it flows over rocks and through soil, which can help in reducing the levels of contaminants and impurities. Treatment of surface water for drinking purposes is often less complex and costly compared to treating groundwater, making it a more cost-effective option for water supply. Surface water sources also have the advantage of being more easily accessible for extraction and distribution. Rivers and lakes are often located closer to urban areas, reducing the need for extensive infrastructure to transport water to consumers. This proximity can also result in lower energy costs associated with pumping water over long distances, contributing to overall sustainability and efficiency of the water supply system. Furthermore, the use of surface water in water supply can have environmental benefits. By utilizing surface water sources, there is less reliance on groundwater extraction, which can help in preserving aquifer levels and reducing the risk of land subsidence. Surface water sources also support aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity, providing habitats for various plant and animal species. Despite the advantages of using surface water for water supply, there are also challenges and considerations to be addressed. Surface water sources are vulnerable to pollution from various human activities, which can impact water quality and necessitate increased treatment measures. Climate change and variability can also affect surface water availability, emphasizing the importance of sustainable water management practices. In conclusion, the use of surface water in water supply offers numerous advantages such as abundance, quality, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and environmental benefits. By understanding these advantages and addressing associated challenges, surface water can continue to play a crucial role in meeting the water supply needs of communities while promoting sustainability and resilience in the face of changing environmental conditions.

Thesis Overview

Water can be defined as an ordourless, colourless and tasteless substance that is found on some parts of the earth’s surface and beneath (either in fluid or solid state). It moves as water vapour, liquid water and ice. It is constantly changing its form and also water on earth is known by different terms, depending on where it is and where it came from.



USES OF WATER

Water as a natural occurrence substance plays a vital role in many aspects in Human life and World development.

Human Uses

Agriculture: the important use of water in agriculture is for irrigation, which is a key component to produce enough food. Irrigation takes up to 90% of water withdrawn in some developing countries.

Recreation: human uses water for many recreational purposes, as well as for exercising and sports. Some of these include swimming, boating water skiing, and surfing. In addition some sports like ice hockey and ice skating are played on ice, Humans also use water for snow sports like snowboarding etc. which require the water to be frozen.

Food processing: water can be used to cool foods, boiling, seaming and simmering are popular cooking methods that require immersing food in water. Water is also used for dishwashing; water also plays many critical roles within the field of food science.

Transportation: the use of water for transportation through river canals is a key factor in the country’s development.



Chemical Uses

Water is widely used in chemical reactions as a solvent or recreational and less commonly as a solute or catalyst.

Fire extinction: water has a high heat of vaporization and is relatively inert, which makes it a good fire extinguishing fluid.

Heat exchange: water and steam are a common fluid used for heat exchange, due to its availability and high heat capacity, both for cooking and heating.