CERTIFICATION - - - - - -   ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - - - - -   iv
DEDICATION - - - - - -   vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - - - - viii
LIST OF TABLES - - - - - -   xiv
LIST OF FIGURES - - - - - -   xvi
LIST OF PLATES - - - - - - xviii
LIST OF ACRONYMS - - - - - -   xix
ABSTRACT - - - - - - -   xxii

Chapter ONE

Chapter TWO

  14
221 Assimilative Capacity of the Receiving Water - - - 15
222 Views on Global Water Quality - - - - 16
23 Water Quality in Nigeria - - - - -   18
24 Historical Development of Hydrodynamic Systems - - -   20
25 Historical Development of Water Quality Models - -   21
251 Early Modeling Works - - - - - 21
26 Water Quality Standards - - - - -   29
27 Hydrodynamics and Hydraulics - - - - -   31
271 Hydraulic Routing Techniques - - - - - 34
272 1-Dimensional Equation of Motion - - - - 37
273 2-Dimensional Equations of Motion - - - - 41
274 3-Dimensional Equations of Motion - - - - 43
28 Numerical Solution Techniques - - - - -   45
281 Finite Difference Solution Method - - - - 46
2811 Explicit Finite Differences - - - - - - 47
2812 Implicit Finite Differences - - - - - - 48
282 Finite Element Solution Method - - - - 49
29 Conceptual Framework of Water quality model - - -   51
210 Review of Available, Applicable Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Models
  - - - - - - -   55
2101 Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program - - - - 55
2102 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model Selection - - - 56
2103 Case Studies Utilizing DYNHYD and WASP Modeling Software - - 57
2104 QUAL2E (The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model) - - 57
21041 The Scope and Components of QUAL2E - - - - 58
211 QUAL2K Input File Generation - - - -   60
2111 Dissolved Oxygen - - - - - - 60
2112 Model Framework and Scientific Details - - - - 62
21121 Model Inputs - - - - - - 63
21122 Model Outputs - - - - - - - 64
2113 Transport Processes - - - - - 64
2114 Conversion Processes - - - - - - 66

Chapter THREE

Chapter FOUR

Chapter FIVE

CHAPTER SIX - - - - - -   185
6 DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS, SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS-185
61 Research Finding and Discussion - - - -   185
62 Summary of Hydrodynamics Model Results - - -   188
63 Summary of QUAL2K Model Results - - - -   188
64 Treatability Studies Results - - - - -   189
65 Research Contribution to knowledge - - - -   190
66 Future Directions in River Modeling in Nigeria - - -   192

CHAPTER SEVEN - - - - - -   194
7 RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS - -   194
71 Research Conclusions - - - - -   194
711 The Model Software - - - - - - 194
712 Location Description - - - - - 195
713 Water Quality Standard for all Assessment Units in this Research - - 195
714 Priority Pollutants along the Atuwara Watershed - - - 198
72 Recommendations - - - - -   202

REFERENCES - - - - - -   205
APPENDIX A - - - - - -   220
WATER QUALITY COMPONENTS - - - -   220
APPENDIX B - - - - - -   223
THE RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRES - - - -   223
Industrial Assessment Form - - - - -   225
APPENDIX C - - - - - -   233
TABLES UTILIZED FOR MODEL SELECTION - - -   233
APPENDIX D - - - - - -   241

SECTORAL GROUPING OF ADO ODO /OTTA INDUSTRIES - -   241
Sector A: Food, Beverages & Tobacco - - - -   241
Sector B : Chemical & Pharmaceuticals - - - -   242
Section C: Domestic & Industrial Plastics, Rubber & Foam - -   243
Sector D: Basic Metal, Iron, Steel & Fabricated Metal Products - -   244
Sector E: Pulp Paper & Paper Products; Printing & Publishing - -   245
Sector F: Electrical And Electronics - - - -   245
Sector G: Wood & Wood Products Furniture - - -   245
Sector H: Non Metallic Mineral Products - - - -   246

APPENDIX E - - - - - -   247
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT DATA - - - -   247
The General Food and Beverages Industry - - -   262
Generation of Liquid Wastes in Industries - - -   264
Generation of Hazardous Wastes - - - - -   266

LIST OF TABLES
Table 21: Development Periods of Water Quality Models (Chapra, 1997) -   26
Table 22: Abbreviated List of Water Quality Models with Reference - -   28
Table 23: Stokes as Settling Velocities (in m/day) at 20°C - - -   33
Table 31: Location of the 10 Sector Industries - - -   70
Table 32: Outline of a generalized sampling protocol - - -   76
Table 41: Ranges of discharge coefficients and exponents - -   116
Table 42 Average values and ranges of exponents in hydro geometric correlations
- - - - - - -   120
Table 43 Water Quality Calibration Rates and Coefficients - -   126
Table 44 Typical Values for the ratio of 5=day to ultimate BOD - -   132
Table 45: Typical loading rates for untreated domestic sewage - - -   132
Table 46   Model reaches Delineation - - - -   137
Table 47: October 14, 2008 Atuwara Rivers Model Water Quality Input Data -   142
Table 48: October 14, 2008 Atuwara Rivers Statistical Summary of Analytical Data
- - - - - - -   143
Table 49: October 14, 2008 Atuwara Rivers Field Measured Hydrogeometric
Parameters - - - - - -   144
Table 410: October 14, 2008 Atuwara River Water Quality Model Loading Rates 148
Table 411: February 17, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Model Water Quality Input Data -   149
Table 412: February 17, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Statistical Summary of Analytical
Data - - - - - - -   150
Table 414: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River Water Quality Model Loading Rates
- - - - - - -   155
Table 415: March 18, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Model Water Quality Input Data -   156
Table 416: March 18, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Statistical Summary of Analytical Data
- - - - - - -   157
Table 417: March 18, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Field Measured Hydrogeometric
Parameters - - - - - -   158
Table 418: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River Water Quality Model Loading Rates -   162
Table 419: May 11, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Model Water Quality Input Data -   163
Table 420: May 11, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Statistical Summary of Analytical Data 164
Table 421: May 11, 2009 Atuwara Rivers Field Measured Hydrogeometric
Parameters - - - - - -   165
Table 422: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River Water Quality Model Loading Rates -   170
Table 51 Energy Variation of Electro-Fenton Experiments - -   180
Table 52 Characteristics of effluents treatment by Electro- Fenton
- - - - - - -   180
Table 53 Specification of Quality and Use of Granular Activated Carbon -   183
Table 54 Result of Effluents Treatment with both Electro - Fenton and GAC BBC
945 - - - - - - -   184
Table 71: Individual Reach Description: Summary of River Atuwara Watershed
Impairment addressed in this research - - - -   201
Table C1   Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix - - -   233
Table C1   Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix (Contd) - - -   235
Table C1   Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix (Contd) - - -   236
Table C1 Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix (Contd) - -   237
Table C1   Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix (Contd) - - -   238
Table C1   Water Quality Model Comparison Matrix (Contd) - - -   239
Table E1: Water Quality Analysis of Selected Industries in Ado â- Odo Otta -   247
Table E2: Water Quality Analysis of Selected Industries in Ado â- Odo Otta and Lagos
- - - - - - -   249
Table E3: Water Quality Trends in Selected Receiving Water Bodies from 1980 â-
1997 - - - - - - -   251
Table E4: Industrial Sub-Sectoral Types, Raw Materials, Products & Waste
Characterization - - - - - -   252
Table E5: Volume of Wastewater Produced by Some Industrial Sector - -   261
Table E6: Characteristic of Typical Brewery and Distillery Wastewater - -   262
Table E7: Volume of Wastewater Produced by Some Industrial Sector - -   265
Table E8: Source and Types of Hazardous Waste in Some Industries - -   267

 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 21 An urban water aswastewater system - - - -   22
Fig22: Schematic of water quality model used for a typical River Estuary -   53
Fig23 Schematic description of the water quality model QUAL2E - -   66
Figure 31 Map of Otta District, Ogun State Nigeria - - -   72
Figure 41: General Layout of the Study Area - - - -   86
Figure 42: River Atuwara Watershed - - - -   87
Figure 43: River Atuwara Watershed and Built-up Areas - - -   91
Figure 44: River Atuwara and Industrial Locations - - -   95
Figure 45: River Atuwara Wetland and Sampling Points - - -   101
Figures 46 Cross â- Section of the basin to calculate other parameters - -   113
Fig 47: Computational Grid Set - Up - - - -   123
Figure 48 Location Map showing sampling Points and Tributaries - -   124
Figure 49a Total removal rate versus stream depth for BOD that is 50% in settleable
form   - - - - - -   135
Figure 49b In a Stream decomposition rate versus depth ( Bowie et al ,1985) -   135
Figure 410: October 14, 2008 Atuwara River Dissolved Oxygen Vs River Flow ModelPredictions - - - - -   145
Figure 411: October 14,2008 Atuwara River CBOD Vs River Flow Model
Predictions - - - - - -   145
Figure 412: October 14, 2008 Atuwara River CBOD and Model Predictions -   146
Figure 413: October 14, 2008 Atuwara River CBOD, DO and Model Predictions   146
Figure 414: October 14 2008 Atuwara River CBOD, Vs SOD Model Predictions   147
Figure 415: October 14, 2008 Atuwara River TBODu, Vs SOD Model Predictions
- - - - - - -   147
Figure 416: February 17 2009, Atuwara River Dissolved Oxygen Vs River Flow
Model Predictions - - - - - -   152
Figure 417: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD Vs River Flow Model
Predictions - - - - - -   152
Figure 418: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD and Model Predictions -   153
Figure 419: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, DO and Model Predictions 153
Figure 420: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, Vs SOD Model Predictions - - - - - - -   154
Figure 421: February 17, 2009 Atuwara River TBODu, Vs SOD Model Predictions - - - - - - -   154
Figure 422: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River Dissolved Oxygen Vs River Flow Model Predictions - - - - - -   159
Figure 423: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD Vs River Flow Model Predictions- - - - - - -   159
Figure 424: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD and Model Predictions -   160
Figure 1425: March 11, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, DO and Model Predictions   160
Figure 426: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, Vs SOD Model Predictions -   161
Figure 427: March 18, 2009 Atuwara River TBODu, Vs SOD Model Predictions   161
Figure 428: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River Dissolved Oxygen Vs River Flow Model Predictions - - - - - -   166
Figure 429: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD Vs River Flow Model Predictions - - - - - -   166
Figure 430: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD and Model Predictions -   167
Figure 431: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, DO and Model Predictions -   167
Figure 432: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River CBOD, Vs SOD Model Predictions -   168
Figure 433: May 11, 2009 Atuwara River TBODu, Vs SOD Model Predictions -   169
Figure 51 Electro Fenton Experimental Set up - - -   176
Figure 71: Improved activated carbon Bed - - - -   199

LIST OF PLATES
PLATE I River Atuwara and Iju Villagers - - - -   94
PLATE II River Atuwara soon recovers after receiving effluents from a Food
Processing Firm - - - - - -   94
PLATE III A truck discharging combined effluents into River Atuwara at Ekusere - - - - - - -   98
PLATE IV Abattoir on River Atuwara upper boundary at Owode â- Ijako along
Lagos Abeokuta Expressway - - - - -   98
PLATE V River Atuwara upper boundary at Owode a Ijako along Lagos Abeokuta Expressway - - - - -   99
PLATE VI River Aturwara receiving solid wastes from the environment -   99
PLATE VIISampling from Distilleries effluents along River Atuwara Watershed
- - - - - - -   100
PLATE VIII Distilleries effluents cascading into River Atuwara - -   100
PLATE IX Hydrogeometric Measurement on River Atuwara - -   110
PLATE X Hydrogeometric Measurement at Iju Water Works lower down stream   110
PLATE XI Laboratory Bench Scale Electro â-Fenton Experimental set - up -   178
PLATE XII Running the Laboratory Bench â- Scale Electro Fenton Experiment   178
PLATE XIII Measuring water quality parameters from Laboratory Bench- Scale
Electro â- Fenton Experiment - - - -   179

 LIST OF ACRONYMS
BOD     Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CBOD     Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand  
CE-QUAL-ICM   Three-Dimensional Eutrophication Model
CE â-QUAL-W2   Two â- Dimensional, Laterally-Averaged Hydrodynamic and
Water Quality Model
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand  
DO       Dissolved Oxygen  
DYNHYD   Link Node Tidal Hydrodynamic Model
EFDC     Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code  
FEPA       Federal Environmental Protection Agency
GIS     Geographic Information Systems  
GPS     Global Positioning System  
HEM-3D     Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic-Eutrophication Model  
HM     Heavy Metals
HSPF     Hydrologic Simulation Program â- FORTRAN  
IPP     Integrated Product Policy
MAN     Manufacturers Association of Nigeria  
MEDLI     Model for Effluent Disposal using Land Irrigation
MEPP     Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning
NBOD     Nitrogenous Biochemical Oxygen Demand
NH3-N       Ammonia-nitrogen  
NMS     National Minimum Standards
NPES       National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
OGEPA   Ogun State Environmental Protection Agency
OPO4     Ortho-Phosphorus or Inorganic Phosphorus  
QUAL2E   Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model  
QUAL2K   Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (Improved)
RIVMOD-H     River Hydrodynamics Model and  
SBR     Sequencing Batch Reactors
SOD     Sediment Oxygen Demand
TBOD     Total Biochemical Oxygen Demand
TDS     Total Dissolved Solids
TMDL     Total Maximum Daily Load
TOC       Total Organic Carbon  
TPWQM   Tidal Prism Water Quality Model  
TSS     Total Suspended Solids
TVA     Tennessee Valley Authority  
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
USEPA       United States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS     United State Geological Survey
WASP Water Quality Analysis Simulation Programme Water Quality
Model Developed by USEPA
WES     World Environmental Systems  
WHO       World Health Organization  
WTP     Water Treatment Plant  
WWTP     Wastewater Treatment Plant