Title Page         i  
Declaration         ii  
Certification         iii
Dedication         iv
Acknowledgement       v
Table of Contents         vii
List of Figures         x
List of Tables         xi
List of Plates         xiv
Abbreviations and Symbols       xv
Abstract         xvi
 

Chapter ONE

: INTRODUCTION
11 Background Information       1                            
12   Water Quality modelling       3
13   Description of Study Location     5
14   Statement of The Problem     6
15   Aim         6
16   Objectives       6
17   Significance of Study       6
18   Scope of Study       7
 
 

Chapter TWO

: LITERATURE REVIEW
21 Water Quality Modelling as a Field of Study   8
22   Coefficient of Re-aeration, k2     9
223 The Indian k2 Model       13
224 The Chilean k2 Model       14
225 The Nigerian k2 Model     15
23   Water Laws and Standards       15
24   Statistical Analysis       17
241 Some Relevant Statistical Operations   17
242 Statistical Software     19
243 Model Calibration and Validation in Water Quality
Data       20
2431     Sum of Squares Due to Error 21
2432     R-Square       21
2433     Degrees of Freedom Adjusted R-Square 22
2434     Root Mean Squared Error   22
 

Chapter THREE

: METHODOLOGY  
        31     Selection of the Study Area       24
        32     Determination of Sampling Stations     27
        33     Field Activities       49
        331   Field Observations     31
       332    Field Sampling Visits     31
       3321  Rationale for Gathering Data Once Every Month 32
       3322  Activities During the Field Exercises 33
        34     Materials       34
            3

5     Laboratory Analysis       36
      36     Data Analysis       37
            361   Time of Travel       38
          362   Re-aeration Coefficient Model     39
 

Chapter FOUR

: DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
  41 Data Gathering       40
  411   Hydraulic Data     41
  412   Physico-Chemical Data     50
    413 Monthly Variations in DO, Temperature, Stream Depth       57
  42 Computation of Measured k2                                                             63
 43 Re-arrangement of Sampling Stations   67
431 Time of Travel     68
432 Hydraulic Radius                 80
433 Ultimate BOD and De-oxygenation Rate             80
434 Saturation DO and the Upstream and Downstream DO deficits 80
 435 Determination of k2                 80
436 Model Parameters                 80
437 The Model                 83
438 Comparison with other Selected Models             83
44 Water Use Practices                             103
 45       Pollutants and Public Health Implications             106
 

Chapter FIVE

: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
51 Conclusion                 110
52 Contribution to Knowledge               111
53 Recommendations                 111
       
REFERENCES                   113
 
APPENDICES  
Appendix 1: Matlab Code for Beta               121
Appendix 2: Matlab Model Output                         128
Appendix 3: Matlab Code and Output for Plot of all Models           132
Appendix 4: Mix Calculations               140
Appendix 5: Laboratory Reports               147  
Appendix 6: Procedure for data Analysis             160

LIST OF FIGURES                                           PAGE
Figure 11 - Nigerian Household distribution by source of water supply 2
Figure 12 - Nigerian Household distribution by Toilet Facilities   3
Figure 13 â- General Layout of the Study area     5
Figure 31â- Field Sampling Stations       28
Figure 32 â- Linear representation of Sampling Points   29
Figure 33 - Sampling Cross-section       33
Figure 41 â- An 8-month mean stream velocity record   59
Figure 42 â- An 8-month mean ambient temperature record   60
Figure 43 â- An 8-month mean water temperature record   61
Figure 44 â- An 8-month mean stream depth record     61
Figure 45 â- DO Fluctuations over an 8-month period   62
Figure 46 - Flowchart showing the progression of the statistical analysis           86
Figure 47 â- Plot of 11 models using January data               93
Figure 48 â- Plot of measured k2 against computed k2 using January data           94
Figure 49 â- Plot of 11 models using March data               96
Figure 410 - Plot of measured k2 against computed k2 using March data           97
Figure 411 â- Plot of 11 models using July data               99
Figure 412 - Plot of measured k2 against computed k2 using July data           100

LIST OF TABLES                                                                                 PAGE
 
Table 21 â- The self-purification factor, f, of different water bodies at 20oC 9
Table 22 â- Solubility of Oxygen in water     10
Table 31 - Details of Sampling Stations     30
Table 32 â- Parameters Measured with Relevance to study   32
Table 33 â- Parameters, equipment and Processes of parameter determination
Schedule for field work       34
Table 41 - Sampling dates and conditions     40
Table 42a â- Hydraulic Data for January     42
Table 42b â- Hydraulic Data for February     43
Table 42c â- Hydraulic Data for March     44
Table 42d â- Hydraulic Data for April     45
Table 42e â- Hydraulic Data for May       46
Table 42f â- Hydraulic Data for July       47
Table 42g â- Hydraulic Data for August     48
Table 42h â- Hydraulic Data for September     49
Table 43a â- Physico-Chemical Parameters for January   50
Table 43b â- Physico-Chemical Parameters for February   51
Table 43c â- Physico-Chemical Parameters for March     52
Table 43d â- Physico-Chemical Parameters for April     53
Table 43e â- Physico-Chemical Parameters for May     54
Table 43f â- Physico-Chemical Parameters for July     55
Table 43g â- Physico-Chemical Parameters for August   56
Table 43hâ- Physico-Chemical Parameters for September   57
Table 44 â- Mean Monthly Ambient and Water Temperatures   60
Table 45 â- Determination of Reaches for the River     64
Table 46 - Dilution Effects for January     65
Table 47 - Dilution Effects for February     65
Table 48 - Dilution Effects for March     65
Table 49 - Dilution Effects for July       66
Table 410 - Dilution Effects for August     66
Table 411 - Dilution Effects for September     66
Table 412 â- Re-arrangement of station numbers     67
Table 413 â- Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for January         68
Table 414 â- Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for
February         69
Table 415 â- Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for
March           70
Table 416 â- Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for
July           71
Table 417 â- Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for
August                     72
Table 418 â- Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for
September                     73
Table 419 â- Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for JanuaryTable 420 â- Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for
February                     75
Table 421 â- Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for March
                      76
Table 422â- Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for July
                                          77
Table 423 â- Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for August
                                78
Table 424 â- Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for
September                     79
Table 425â- Model fit and goodness of fit Summary for Dry Season             81
Table 426â- Model fit and goodness of fit Summary for Rainy Season           82
Table 427 â- Selected Models for Model Validation (Test of performance)   84
Table 428â- Goodness of fit using January Data                 91
Table 429- Goodness of fit using March Data                 91
Table 430- Goodness of fit using July Data                           92
Table 431: Graphical Goodness of fit using January, March and July Data 102
Table 432 â- Order of Composite Goodness of Fit               103
Table 433 â- Comprehensive River water and Industrial Effluent Analysis   107
LIST OF PLATES                                           PAGE
Plate 31 â- The industrial effluent flowing along the road down towards the river 25
Plate 32 â- the effluent accumulates (left) from where it seeps into the river body 25
Plate 33 â- Effluent accumulation beside the river body   26
Plate 34 â- Villagers of Iju tapping the river water for domestic use   26
Plate 35 â- Sewage being taken near the river for disposal   27
Plate 36 â- Field pH meter       35
Plate 37 â- Eurolab digital thermometer with sensitive probe   35
Plate 38 - Geopacks Stream flow sensor with its pole and fan-like impeller 36
Plate 39 - Measuring the river width with a tape     36
Plate 310 â- the Speedtech Portable Depth Sounder (yellow torchlight shaped
instrument)         57
Plate 41 â- Sampling Station 10 in Rainy season (August)   58
Plate 42 â- Sampling Location 10 in Dry season (March)   58
Plate 43 â- Human skeleton found in the River               104
Plate 44 â- Pollution along the river channel                         104
Plate 45 â- The research team could not proceed because of blockage of the river 105
Plate 46 â- Water intake station for Ogun State Water Corporation                       105
Plate 47 â- Man swimming after the dayâs work               106

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
1 DO â- Dissolved Oxygen
2 BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
3 QUAL â- Stream Water Quality models
4 CORMIX â- Cornell Mixing Zone Expert
5 WASP â- Watershed Quality Analysis Simulation Programme
6 FEPA â- Federal Environmental Protection Agency
7 USEPA â- United States Environmental Protection Agency
8 USGS â- United States Geological Society
9 UNESCO â- United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization
10 DV â- Dependent Variable
11 IV â- Independent Variable
12 ANOVA â- Analysis of Variance
13 SSE â- Error Sum of Squares
14 SSR â- Residual sum of squares
15 SST â- Total sum of squares
16 R2 â- correlation coefficient
17 Adj R2â- Adjusted Correlation coefficient
18 RMSE â- Root mean square error
19 APHA - American Public Health Association
20 SPSS â- Statistical Package for Social Sciences
21 MATLAB â- Matrix Laboratory software
22 GPS â- Global Positioning System
23 k2 â- re-aeration coefficient
24 k1 â- de-oxygenation coefficient
25 f â- self purification factor
26 2 ^Ï - estimated variance
27 mg/l â- milligram per litre